Presented by

Ch.VenkateswaraRao
II M.tech (DECS)
14PA1D3803
Under the guidance of
Dr.N.Padmavathy Ph.D.(IIT-KGP)
Professor
ECE Department
Vishnu Institute of Technology
 Contents

 Introduction
 Types of spread spectrum techniques
 Processing Gain
 Jamming Margin
 Pseudo Random Noise Codes
Introduction

 Definition
 Narrow band Vs. Spread Spectrum
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Applications
 Narrowband Vs Spread Spectrum

P
o
w
e
r

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Advantages

• Reduced crosstalk interference

• Better voice quality
• Lower susceptibility to multipath fading
• Inherent security
• Co-existence
• Longer operational distance
• Hard to detect
• Harder to jam
Disadvantages

• Requires more bandwidth

• Cost
• Not flexible

Applications

• Wireless local area networks

• Space systems
• Global positioning system
• Personal communication
Types of Spread Spectrum Techniques
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS)
 Time Hopping Spread Spectrum(THSS)
 Hybrid Spread Spectrum(HSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)

𝐵𝑆𝑆 = 2𝑅𝐶
𝐵𝑆𝑆 = Bandwidth of spread spectrum
𝑅𝐶 = Chip rate of pseudo random code (bits per second)

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Pseudorandom Code
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
10110111000
Original Data 1 0
One Bit One Bit

Spread Data
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

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 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS)

𝐵𝑆𝑆 = 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝑁

Where 𝐵𝑠𝑠 is the spread spectrum bandwidth in Hertz

N is frequency choices (used for hopping)
𝐵𝐼𝑁 is Instantaneous Bandwidth in Hertz

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Time Hopping Spread Spectrum(THSS)

𝐵𝐷
𝐵𝑆𝑆 = ൗ𝛽
Where 𝐵𝐷 =bandwidth of the data
𝛽 = duty cycle factor
𝑇𝑊ൗ
𝛽= 𝑇
Where 𝑇𝑊 = pulse width
𝑇 = average pulse interval
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Hybrid Spread Spectrum(DS/FH)

𝐵𝑆𝑆 = 2𝑁𝑅𝐶

Where, 𝐵𝑆𝑆 = bandwidth of the spread spectrum

N = number of frequency choices
𝑅𝐶 = chip rate (bits per second)
 3. Processing Gain

The processing gain of the spread spectrum is given by the ratio of spread
spectrum bandwidth to the minimum information bandwidth.

𝐵𝑆𝑆
𝐺𝑃 = ൗ𝐵
𝐷

where 𝐺𝑃 = processing gain

𝐵𝑆𝑆 = spread spectrum bandwidth
𝐵𝐷 = minimum information bandwidth

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 Jamming margin

It is the maximum jammer power to signal power ratio that a spread spectrum
receiver can tolerate, while still maintaining the specified bit-error-rate.

𝐺𝑃
𝑀𝐽 = ൘ 𝑆
ൗ𝑁 𝐿

𝑀𝐽 𝑑𝐵 = 𝐺𝑃 𝑑𝐵 − 𝑆ൗ𝑁 𝑑𝐵 − 𝐿 𝑑𝐵

1ൗ 𝑅𝑁𝐺𝑇𝐽 − 𝑅𝑁𝐺𝑇𝑅 − 𝑅𝑁𝐺𝐽𝑅 ൘

𝑃𝑅𝑁 ≤ 𝐶

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 Pseudo Random Noise Codes

• Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) code sequences are deterministically

generated but have properties similar to random sequences generated by
sampling a white noise process.
• PN code sequences have pseudo randomness properties.

Pseudo Randomness Properties

• Over the sequence period, the number of 1’s and 0’s differs by at most 1.
• Over the sequence period half the runs have length 1,one fourth have
length 2, one eight have length 3, etc. For each of the run lengths there
are equally many runs of 0’s and 1’s.

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 Simple Shift Register Generator

• A simple shift register generator (SSRG) is a shift register generator

in which all feedback signals are return to a single input

Properties of SSRG
• To generate a maximal length sequence a SSRG must have an even
number of taps.
• If a maximal length SSRG is added to a shift of itself then the resulting
sequence is another shift of original sequence .
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 Summary

• Discussed about
• Spread Spectrum Techniques
• Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications.
• Special features
• Processing Gain
• Jamming Margin
• Generation of PN codes.

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 References
1. Gaston, B., Applications of Spread Spectrum Radio Technology for the Security Market,
Security Technology, 1994, pp. 86-91.
2. Singh, M.R., Spectrum Utilization by Frequency Hopping Radio Systems vis-à-vis
Frequency Radio Systems, Journal of Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility, V
pp.20-26, 1995.
3. Pickholtz, R.L.; Schilling, D.L.; Milstein, L.B., Theory of Spread-Spectrum
Communications--A Tutorial, In the Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on
Communications, 30(5), pp.855-884, 1982.
4. Utlaut, W.F., Spread spectrum: Principles and Possible Application to Spectrum Utilization
and Allocation, IEEE conference in Communications Society Magazine, 16(5), pp.21-31,
1978.
5. G. L. Stüber, Principles of Mobile Communication, Kluwer Academic, Boston 1996.
6. Stüber, Gordon L. Principles of Mobile Communication. Springer Science & Business
Media, 2011.
7. Dixon R C, Spread Spectrum System, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1976.
8. http://www.maximintegrated.com/support.
9. www.youtube.com\spread spectrum techniques and technology.

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Thank You

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