Turbine Engines

By Jun Shu, Malvika Gulati and Mike

Graber
 Turbine Engines
 Introduction and history
 How it works
 Current and Future Uses
The history of Gas-turbine
engine

How did it start?

The history of Gas-turbine
engine
 150BC
– A toy was invented by Egyptian named
Hero.
The history of Gas-turbine
engine
 In 1232 the Chinese used rockets to
frighten enemy soldiers.

 Around 1500 A.D. Leonardo da Vinci

drew a sketch of a device that rotated
due to the effect of hot gasses.
The history of Gas-turbine
engine

 In 1629 another Italian name Giovanni

Branca actually developed a device
which used to operate machinery.
The history of Gas-turbine
engine
The history of Gas-turbine
engine
 The first patent for turbine engine.

 In 1872 a man by the name of Stolze

designed the first true gas turbine.

 Charles Curtis the inventor of the

Curties steam engine
The history of Gas-turbine
engine
 The General Electric company started
their gas turbine division in 1903.

– An engineer named Stanford Moss lead

most of the projects.

– Sir Frank Whittle of Great Britain patented

a design for a jet aircraft engine in1930.
The history of Gas-turbine
engine
 Hans von Ohain and Max Hahn,
developed and patented their own
engine design in 1936.

 In 1941 Frank Whittle began fight tests

of a turbojet engine of his own design
in England.
EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNAL-
COMBUSTION ENGINE
 EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNAL-
COMBUSTION ENGINE

 Efficiency is the highest for a small range of values of torque

and rotational speed--those in the darker green "sweet spot." At
this level of efficiency, if the engine were propelling a vehicle, it
might burn eight liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers. A series-
type hybrid can be designed so that its engine operates only in
this highest-efficiency mode; a parallel hybrid can be designed
so that its engine stays within the efficiency represented by the
dark and light green regions.
The Internal Workings of a
Turbine Engine
 Link to a 3-D model representing the internal
working of a gas turbine engine

 http://www.pwc.ca/en_markets/demonstratio
n.html
 Advantages
– Gas turbine engines weigh less, last longer, and break down
less often.
– They can attain thermal efficiencies in the mid-40s; piston
engine efficiencies are in the high-20s and unlikely to go much
higher.
– They excels from an emissions standpoint: gas turbines with no
exhaust treatment whatsoever have lower emissions than spark
ignition and compression ignition engines with the best
treatment available.
– Lastly unlike the spark ignition engine, which has stringent
requirements for fuel, the gas turbine can burn a variety of
fuels, including not only gasoline but also diesel, home-heating
oil, and almost any other liquid or gaseous fuel.
 Becoming a Contender
 The compressor and turbine would actually consist of
multiple stages. The pressure ratio would be low.
 Compressor blades could be made from injection-
molded, fiber-reinforced composite, while the
compressor, turbine rotor, combustor, and turbine
housings would be made of ceramic.
 A ceramic regenerator would recover heat from the
compressed gas, reducing the amount of fuel that
must be burned. Such an engine would be
outstandingly responsive, capable of the quick
acceleration that drivers have come to expect.
 Turbine Problems
 Huge investments have been made in the spark-ignition engine.
 It is manufactured at astonishingly low cost and, in general,
performs superbly. Also the real cost of gasoline, adjusted for
inflation, is at or close to an all-time low.
 Thus even an 80-mile-per-gallon gas turbine car would offer only
a moderate economic advantage over conventional vehicles, many
of which now deliver 30 to 40 mpg.
 In the near future, gas turbine engines make sense for some
niche markets, such as large trucks and buses. Such large vehicles
now must use diesel engines; compared with diesels, gas turbines
offer greatly reduced emissions, lower noise, lighter weight, and
lower maintenance requirements. But until demand is large enough
to justify mass production, unit costs will be high.
 Major Uses
 Hybrid automobiles
 Military
 Power plants
 Other uses
Key Manufactures in the US
 Allison Advanced Development Co
 General Electric
 Pratt & Whitney
 Allied Signal
 Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical
 Williams International
 IHPTET

 Integrated High Performance Turbine

Engine Technology program
 Formed in 1988
 Goal: Double the propulsion capability of
turbine engines by the turn of the century
 Other big competitors from outside US
include Volvo and Rolls Royce
 Key Military Uses

 Turbofans and turbojets

– fighters, bombers, and large transport
 Turbo shafts and turboprops
– helicopters, small transports, and some
trainers
 Expendables
– missiles and unmanned aircraft such as
drones
M1A2 Tank
 Power Plants
 Micro Turbine Generators
– small power generator that can be located
close the area the power is used
– Advantages: greater reliability and lower
costs by using fewer moving parts and lower
manufacturing costs
– Possible future use: scattered throughout
the utility’s traditional distribution network
working in parallel with central power plants.
 Power Plants
 GE: MS7001FB
 Runs off of mainly natural gas
 Produces 280 MWe
 Future sizes are up to 5000MWe
 Higher efficiency and increased output by
raising compressor pressure ratio and upping
the firing temp.
 7191F 7221FA 7231FA 7241FA 7251FB 7H
Year introduced 1991 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

Firing temperature 1260 1287 1315 1327 1402 1430

(degree C)
Compressor pressure 13.5 15 15 15.5 18.5 23
ratio
Exhaust gas temp. 583 589 594 602 623 588
(degree C)
Heat rate (LHV) 9880 9500 9380 9360 9173 9115
(Btu/kWh)
Net output (MWe) 222 253 259 263 280.3 400
Efficiency(% Net) 51 52.7 53.5 55 57.3 60
NOx N/A 9 9 9 25 9
(ppmvd at 15% 02)
 Other Uses
 The vast majority of all commercial jets
 NASA
 Offshore power generation(Volvo
VT2600) produces 2.5 MW of energy,
could be used on offshore oilrigs
 Ferries
 High performance racing boats