Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Management
IN HOSPITAL
(ie, Burn) (ie, Herpes zoster) (ie, Rheumatoid arthritis) (ie, Fibromyalgia)
•NOCICEPTION
1.Transduction
2.Transmission
3.Modulation
4.Perception
Pain Perception
Depends on the balance between:
Excitatory system
Inhibitory system
(Cognitive, emotional, behavior)
What is nociceptive pain?
• A sensory experience that occurs when specific
peripheral sensory neurons (nociceptors) respond to
noxious stimuli
1. Cognitive
2. Emotional
3. Behavioral
Nyeri multidemensional
1. Sensory discriminative
Menggambarkan kemampuan penderita
menceritakan dari mana asalnya nyeri.
Seperti apa nyerinya: panas, cekot2, dll.
Berat ringannya nyeri.
2. Cognitive demension
Kemampuan membanding nyeri
sekarang dan masa lalu.
3. Affective or emotional demension
Kemampuan penderita menggambarkan nyeri
seperti tidak menyenangkan, menderita sekali,
mengganggu dalam bekerja, dll.
4. Motivational Behaviour
Menyebabkan penderita mencari pertolongan,
withdrawl reflex, dan escape behaviour.
Nyeri bukan sensasi tunggal, tapi punya
banyak dimensi tidak ada satu obat
yang mampu mengobati semua jenis
nyeri
Anger Anxiety
Fear
Depression
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
B
NOCICEPTIVE
• 4. Pain clinic:
A health care delivery facility focusing upon the diagnosis and
management of patients with chronic pain. A pain clinic may
specialize in specific diagnoses or in pains related to a specific
region of the body.
• 5. Modality-oriented clinic:
This is a health care facility which offers a specific type of treatment
and does not provide comprehensive assessment or management.
Examples include nerve block clinic, transcutaneous nerve
stimulation clinic, acupuncture clinic, biofeedback clinic, etc.
DOKUMENTASI
KEBIJAKAN NYERI RS
• Tujuan pelayanan pasien nyeri:
1. Semua pasien nyeri mendapatkan pelayanan sesuai panduan
dan prosedur menejemen nyeri RS.
2. Menghindari dampak / risiko nyeri terhadap proses
penyembuhan
3. Memberikan kenyamanan pada pasien
Asesmen Awal Nyeri Rawat Jalan Asesmen Awal Nyeri Rawat Inap
Asesmen Ulang
Asesmen Ulang
Saat Kontrol
Pain
LISTEN
Patient verbal descriptors,
Q&A
LOCATE LOOK
Nervous system Sensory abnormalities,
lesion / dysfunction pattern recognition
Pain Assessment
Treatment
STEP 1. PAIN INTENSITY
“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated
with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of
such damage.”
Multi-Dimensional Scale
7/21/2019
NRS
PAIN
INTENSITY YES VRS Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS)
VAS 0 : No Pain
1-3 : Mild
4-5 : Moderate
6-7 : Severe
PATIENT ABLE
1-3 yo / Cognitive Disorder)
TO
FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and
COMMUNICATE Consolability)
WELL? (Score: 0-10)
3-8 yo
WB/Faces Pain Scale– Photographic
NO
(Score 0-10/no-Very Severe)
Sedation
Comfort Scale
9-17: Inadequate sedation and Pain Control
17-26 : Adequate Sedation and Pain
Control
26-45: Over Sedation
STEP 2. TYPE OF PAIN
Peripheral NP Hyper-Excitability
TYPE OF PAIN Neuropathic
Hyper-Excitability
Central NP
Loss of Inhibitory
FM
MFPS etc
Dysfunctional
Somatoform etc
Elements for the physician
• Patient’s history
• characteristics of the pain,
• past and present pain managements strategies,
• past and present medical problems
• Physical examination :
• general site of pain
• musculoskeleteal system
• neurological system
• Diagnostic studies
• meant to supplement, not to replace a comprehensive
patient history and physical examination
NEUROPATHIC PAIN
1. Pin Pricks
2. Electric Shock Like
3. Burning/Hot INTENSITY
4. Numbness
5. Alodinia
Gruccu G & Truini A, Tools for Assessing Neuropathic Pain, Plos Medicine, 2009
Disfunctional Pain
Symptom Magnification Examination:
Gastrointestine
Cardiac
Vascular Brain
COMORBIDITY Peripheral
Renal
Respiratory
7/21/2019
Pharmacology
Tramadol Tilidine
Codein
Drugs
WHO Dextropropoxyphene
Step II Moderate NSAIDs
COX II inhibitors
Acetylsalicylic acid
WHO
Step I Mild Acetaminophene
Treatment
Glucocorticoids
(block mRNA expression)
COX-1 COX-2
(Constitutive) (Cytokine inducible)
x nsNSAIDs x
Purpose-designed COX-2
specific inhibitor
x
GI tract Inflammatory site:
Kidney • Macrophages
Platelet • Synoviocytes
• Endothelial cells
*ns = non-selective
5 p<0.0001
H pylori OA/RA 4
negative diagnosis 3
1
Low
CV 0
risk† 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
1. Bjarnason I, Takeuchi K., J Gastroenterol 2009;44[Suppl XIX]:23–29; 2. Teagarden DL, Nema S., Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects
2007(5):1335-1346; 3. Bjarnason I et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:95–106; 4. Rordorf CM et al., Clin Pharmacokinet
2005;44(12):1247-66; 5. Okumu A et al., Eur J. Pharm & Biopharm 2009;72:91-98; 6. Khazaeinia T et al., J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci
2003;6(3):352-359.
PRECISION:
Establishes the noninferior CV safety of celecoxib, vs
naproxen compared to ibuprofen in patients at CV
risk
Reaffirms the recognized better upper and lower GI
safety of celecoxib compared to naproxen &
ibuprofen
66