Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Display Hardware
• Video display devices
Input devices
• Locator Devices
• Keyboard devices
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Display Technologies
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)
– Most common display device today
– Evacuated glass bottle
– Extremely high voltage
– Heating element (filament)
– Electrons pulled towards
anode focusing cylinder
– Vertical and horizontal deflection plates
– Beam strikes phosphor coating on front of tube
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Electron Gun
• Contains a filament that, when heated, emits a stream
of electrons
• Electrons are focused with an electromagnet into a
sharp beam and directed to a specific point of the face of
the picture tube
• The front surface of the picture tube is coated with
small phosphor dots
• When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with a
brightness proportional to the strength of the beam and
how often it is excited by the beam
•The picture is repeatedly repainted (refresh CRT)
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CRT Monitor
CRT
Shadow Mask
Electron Guns
Red Input
Green
Input
Blue Input
Deflection
Yoke Red, Blue,
and Green
Phosphor Dots
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List the properties of CRT
1. Persistence
2. Resolution
3. Addressability
4. Aspect ratio
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Persistence
How long small spots continue to emit light after the
beam is moved. How long it takes for the emitted light
from the screen to decay to one-tenth of its original
intensity.
– Lower persistence requires high refresh rate & it is
good for animation.
– High persistence is useful for displaying highly
complex static pictures.
– Graphics monitors are usually constructed with 10 to
60 microseconds.
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Resolution
Intensity distribution
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Display Technologies: CRTs
1. Raster Scan Displays
2. Vector Displays
3. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
4. Plasma Panel
5. Organic LED Arrays
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Raster Scan Displays
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Raster Scan Displays (1)
– Raster: A rectangular array of points or dots
– Pixel: One dot or picture element of the raster. Its
intensity range for pixels depends on capability of the
system
– Scan line: A row of pixels
– Picture elements are stored in a memory called frame
buffer
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Raster Scan Displays (2)
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Raster Scan Displays (3)
– Intensity of pixels depends on the system for
example black and white screens each point can
be on or off thus it needs one bit of memory to
represent each pixel.
– To paint color screen additional bits are needed.
If three bits are used, then number of different
colors are 2*2*2.
– A special memory is used to store the image with
scan-out synchronous to the raster. We call this
the frame buffer.
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Raster Scan Displays (6)
Raster CRT pros:
– Allows solids, not just wire frames
– Leverages low-cost CRT technology (i.e., TVs)
– Bright! Display emits light
Cons:
– Requires screen-size memory array
– Discrete sampling (pixels)
– Practical limit on size
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Frame Buffers
1 bit
2 levels
Electron
Gun
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3-Bit Color Display
3
red
green
blue
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
G 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
B 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
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True Color Display
24 bit planes, 8 bits per color gun.
224 = 16,777,216
N
N Red
Green
Blue
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Color Map Look-Up Tables
Extends the number of colors that can be displayed by a given number of bit-planes.
y RED
max
GREEN
255
BLUE
1
1
0
y 0
0 67 Pixel displayed
0
1 1001 1010 0001
0
67 100110100001 at x', y'
R G B
Pixel in
bit map 0
0 at x', y'
0 x x
max
Video look-up table organization: each table entry is a 12 bit per entry.
A pixel with value 67 is displayed on the screen with the red electron gun
at 9/15 (binary 1001) of maximum, green at 10/15, and the blue is 1/15.
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2 Basic Techniques for Color Display
Beam-Penetration Shadow-Mask
Method Method
Beam-Penetration Method
• Used with random scan monitors
• The screen has two layers of phosphor: usually red
and green
• The displayed color depends on how far the electron
beam penetrates through the two layers.
• A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer of the
red layer, a beam of fast electrons penetrates through
the red layer and excites the inner green layer, and at
intermediate beam speeds, combinations of the two
colors are emitted to show other colors (yellow &
orange)
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Shadow-Mask Method
Color CRTs have
– Three electron guns
– A metal shadow mask to differentiate the beams
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• The Shadow mask in the previous image is known as the
delta-delta shadow-mask.
• Example: Simply turning off the red and green guns, we get only the
color coming from the blue phosphor.
• The color CRT takes the intensity level for each electron
gun ( red, green and blue) directly from the computer
system without any intermediate processing.
• Example:
– Plasma panels,
– thin–film electroluminescent displays,
– LEDs (Light emitting diodes)
Flat CRTs have also been tried to be devised where the electron
beams are accelerated parallel to the screen and then deflected
900.
• Example:
LCD (Liquid – crystal device)
Plasma Panels
• It is an example of an emissive
flat panel display.
• Also called as a gas-discharge display.
• Can be wall mounted.
• Working:
• A plasma display is comprised of two parallel sheets of
glass, which enclose a gas mixture usually composed of
neon and xenon (some manufacturers also use helium in
the mix) that is contained in millions of tiny cells
sandwiched in between the glass.
Working of Plasma Panel
• Electricity, sent through an array of electrodes that are in
close proximity to the cells, excites the gas, resulting in a
discharge of ultraviolet light.
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Plasma Panel
Plasma display panels
– Similar in principle to
fluorescent light tubes
– Small gas-filled capsules
are excited by electric field,
emits UV light
– UV excites phosphor
– Phosphor relaxes, emits
some other color
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Plasma Panel (2)
Plasma Display Panel Pros
– Large viewing angle
– Good for large-format displays
– Fairly bright
Cons
– Expensive
– Large pixels (~1 mm versus ~0.2 mm)
– Phosphors gradually deplete
– Less bright than CRTs, using more power to
some extent in order to make up for the less
illumination. 35
Backlight
• A backlight is a form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays
(LCDs).
• Backlights illuminate the LCD from the side or back of the display
panel, unlike front lights, which are placed in front of the LCD.
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Liquid & A crystal?????
• How many states exist in science?
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Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
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Display Technology: LCDs
Transmissive & reflective LCDs:
– LCDs act as light valves, not light emitters, and
thus rely on an external light source.
– Laptop screen: backlit, transmissive display
– Palm Pilot/Game Boy: reflective display
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Working of LCD
• An LCD works entirely differently compared to Plasma
Panel.
• An active matrix LCD’s light source is generated by small
fluorescent bulbs. The white light from these bulbs is
diffused to create a uniform light source by shining it
through a polarizer located in the back of the display,
which allows light to go through in only one direction.
• Individual LCD cells in the panel are then turned “on”
and “off” by applying a small electric charge to the thin
film transistors (TFT), located in each sub-pixel.
• This charge causes the liquid crystals to twist, allowing
white light to be passed through red, green and blue
color filters and a front polarizer in front of the LCD cells.
The image is formed according to which crystals twist to
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let light through or block it.
Working of LCD (pic)
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Display Technology: DMD / DLP
Digital Micromirror Devices (projectors) or Digital Light
Processing
Microelectromechanical (MEM) devices, fabricated with
VLSI techniques
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Organic LED Arrays
• Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays
– The display of the future? Many think so.
– OLEDs function like regular semiconductor LEDs
– But they emit light
• Thin-film deposition of organic, light-emitting
molecules through vapor sublimation in a
vacuum.
• Dope emissive layers with fluorescent
molecules to create color.
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Organic LED Arrays
OLED pros:
– Transparent
– Flexible
– Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight visible)
– Large viewing angle
– Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off)
– Can be made large or small
– Available for cell phones and car stereos
OLED cons:
– Not very robust, display lifetime a key issue
– Currently only passive matrix displays
• Passive matrix: Pixels are illuminated in scanline order, but the
lack of phospherescence causes flicker
• Active matrix: A polysilicate layer provides thin film transistors
at each pixel, allowing direct pixel access and constant illum.
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Display Processor
• Also called either a Graphics Controller or Display
CoProcessor
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Video Controller
Cycles through the frame buffer, one scan line at a time. Contents of the memory are
used the control the CRT's beam intensity or color.
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Hard-copy devices
ο Ink-jet printer
ο Laser printer
ο Film recorder
ο Electrostatic printer
ο Pen plotter
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Input Devices
• Locator Devices:
– to indicate a position and/or orientation
– to select a displayed entity
– Tablet, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Touch Panel, Light Pen
• Keyboard devices:
– to input a character string
– Alphanumeric keyboard (coded - get single ASCII character,
unencoded - get state of all keys - more flexible)
• Valuator Devices:
– to input a single value in the space of real numbers
– Rotary dials (Bounded or Unbounded), Linear sliders
• Choice Devices:
– to select from a set of possible actions or choices
– Function keys
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