CONCEPT OF MODELING

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
 What industries
involves MODEL?

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Entertainment
Role in CG: Leader in artistry and quality!

Animations

Movies

Commercials

Special Effects

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Entertainment
Digital Actors

Final Fantasy –
The Spirits Within
(SquareSoft, 2001)

Matrix Reloaded –
(ESCEntertainment,
2003)

Lord of the Rings,

Gollum character –
(New Line Cinema,
2001-2003)
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Entertainment
Animated Features

Finding Nemo
- Pixar Studios, 2003

Open Season
- Sony Pictures, 2006

Kungfu Panda
- DreamWorks, 2008

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Computer Games

Drives today’s interactive graphics technology and
graphics hardware development.

USD$9.5 billion industry (based on 2007 reports)!
– larger than TV or movies!

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Computer Aided Design
Design and engineering process

Used for modeling complex geometries,
conceptualizing ideas and analyzing
systems in:
 Mechanical design
 Electrical design
 Architectural design
 Product design

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Medical Visualization

Computer graphics is a tool in medical
applications rather than a mere artifact.
No cheating or tricks allowed.

The range of application spans from tools
for teaching and diagnosis, all the way to
treatment.

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Image Processing

Modification or interpretation of existing
images.

E.g. Improve picture quality, analyze images,
or recognize visual patterns for robotics
application.

Also used extensively in medical applications.

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Virtual & Augmented Reality

Creation of virtual-reality environments in
which user can interact with the objects in a
3-D scene.

Specialized hardware devices provide 3-D
viewing effects and allow the user to “pick
up” objects in the scene.

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Computer Art

Both fine art and
commercial art make
use of computer
graphics methods.

Steven Parente

Artificial Evolution for

Computer Graphics
Karl Sims, SIGGRAPH ’91
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Graphical User Interfaces

Computer graphics is an integral part of
everyday computing.

Uses graphics in
order to present
output to users.

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Raster--scan Displays
Raster

Pixel depth refers to the number of bits
used to represent a pixel value.

1 bit/pixel: 0 2 Levels
(Bi-level image)
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2 bits/pixel: 0 0 4 Levels
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Raster--scan Displays
Raster
 1 bit per pixel produce 2 levels (bi-level
image).
 2 bits per pixel produce 4 levels.
 8 bits per pixel produce 256 levels.

In general, if the pixel depth is n, then it is
possible to have 2n levels.

Picture definition is stored in the frame
buffer.

The frame buffer is:
 a region of memory where the picture
definition for the entire screen is stored
 sufficiently large to hold all the pixel
values of the display surface.
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Bilevel System

Bilevel (monochrome / black-and-white)
system: one bit per pixel
 bit 1 ⇒ gun on
 bit 0 ⇒ gun off

Let’s suppose 1024×1024 resolution.
 1024×1024=1M pixels.
 One bit per pixel. So, the frame buffer
size is 1M bits = 128KB.
1024
· ·· ··· gun on
· ·· ···
1024 0 0 1 ···
0 1 0 ···
· ·· ···
1024 x1024 frame buffer

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Color System

For RGB color systems, we need at least 3
bits/pixel
 One bit for each R, G, and B.
 Each gun can get on/off.
 8 colors possible!

Suppose 8 bits for each R, G, and B.
 Each of R, G, and B has 28=256 levels of
intensities.
 24 bits/pixel, and so 224≈16.4M colors possible!
 It’s called a true color system.
 e.g. 1024×1024 resolution, 3MB frame buffer
 Compare to 128KB frame buffer for
monochrome system
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Color Models: RGB Model
• Basic colors: Red, Green, & Blue
• RGB Model is used for colored light sources.
• RGB Model is additive.
Color Models: RGB Model

Complementary Colors: Two colors that

combine to form White. Eg. Red, Cyan.
Gray Values: Every point on the primary
diagonal has equal values for all the
components.
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Color Models: RGB Model
 In general, [0,255] and [0,1] (normalized) ranges are
used interchangeably.

 In OpenGL, each RGB component is specified as a

number between 0.0 and 1.0. e.g. glColor3f (1.0, 0.5,
0.7);
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Color Models: RGB Model
Colors Normalized
R, G, B colors
Red 1.0 0.0 0.0
Green 0.0 1.0 0.0
Blue 0.0 0.0 1.0
Cyan 0.0 1.0 1.0
Magenta 1.0 0.0 1.0
Yellow 1.0 1.0 0.0
White 1.0 1.0 1.0
Black 0.0 0.0 0.0
Orange 1.0 0.78 0.0
Pink 1.0 0.68 0.68
Gray a a a
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Color Models: CMY Model
• Basic colors: Cyan, Magenta and Yellow
• CMY Model is used for colored pigments
• Commonly used for color hard-copy devices
• CMY Model is subtractive

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Color Models: RGB <-
<-> CMY

(r, g, b)RGB = (1, 1, 1) − (c, m, y)CMY

white
light

red surface

cyan component absorbed

A red colored surface absorbs cyan

from a white light

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Color Models: CMY Model
Colors Normalized
C, M, Y colors
Red 0.0 1.0 1.0
Green 1.0 0.0 1.0
Blue 1.0 1.0 0.0
Cyan 1.0 0.0 0.0
Magenta 0.0 1.0 0.0
Yellow 0.0 0.0 1.0
White 0.0 0.0 0.0
Black 1.0 1.0 1.0
Orange 0.0 0.22 1.0
Pink 0.0 0.32 0.32
Gray a a a
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End of Lecture
Thank You

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