Fundamentals of

Multi Media System

ETT 05213/COT 05205
Khamis Hussein
hsquares687@gmail.com
0713 578 288
CONTENTS

• Colors
• Basic concepts of image
• Image formats
• Computer Image processing
COLORS

• Color Science
• Color Models in Images
Color Science

• Light and Spectra

• RGB
• CMY(CMYK)
• HSV
Color Science

• Light and Spectra

• RGB
• CMY(CMYK)
• HSV
Physics of Color.

Color is the frequency of light wave within the narrow band of the
electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye can respond

Recall ROYG. BIV represent the ascending frequencies of the

visible light spectrum: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and
Violet.

Light that is infrared, or below the frequency of red light and not
perceivable by human eye, can be created and viewed by electronic
diodes and sensors, and it is used for
• TV and VCR remote controls,
• for wireless communication among computers and
• for night goggles used in the military
Physics of color
• Light is an electromagnetic wave, its color characterized by the
wavelength
– Laser Light -- a single wavelength
– Most light sources -- Contributions over many wavelengths
– Short wave – Blue, Long wave -- Red
– Visible light in the range：400-700nm (Nanometer, 10-9 M)
0.00001nm 0.001nm 1nm 10nm 0.00003m 0.03m 0.3m 30m 5,500km
Cosmic Gamma Visible
X-Rays UV IR Microwaves TV Radio Electricity
Rays Rays Light

400nm 700nm

▪ Frequency represents colour

▪ Amplitude represents brightness
Physics of colors cont,..

• Spectrophotometer: device used to measure visible

light, by reflecting light from a diffraction grating (a ruled
surface) that spreads out the different wavelengths.

Fig. 4.1: Sir Isaac Newton’s experiments.

Color Models in Images

• RGB color model

• CMY color model
• Transformation from RBG to CMY
• CMYK color system
 RGB Colour Model
• 3 Colour Channels
– RGB - 1 byte each - 0-255
• Encodes 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 Colours
• True colour (24 bit colour)
• Notation is 3 integers (often written as hex)
• Examples
– 255, 255, 255 (FF FF FF ) - White
– 255, 0, 0 (FF 00 00) - Red
– 255, 0, 255 (FF 00 FF) - Magena
– 100, 100, 50 (64 64 32) - Olive
11/7/2013 E. Elias
Additive Colours

• Is created by combining colored light sources in three

primary colors: Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) .The process
used for TV or computer
Red  Red
Primary Green  Green
Blue  Blue

NB: Green, blue, yellow, orange, purple, pink, brown, black, gray, and white
are the 10 most common color describing words used In all human languages
and cultures.
 RGB model

• Store integers proportional to intensity in frame buffer

11/7/2013 E. Elias
 RGB Color Model

A zero indicates a lack of that primary color while 255 is the maximum amount of that color
Subtractive Color: CMY

• Is created by combining
colored media such as
paints or ink that absorb
(subtract) some parts of
the color spectrum of
light and reflect the
others back to the eye.
Additive and subtractive color
• Subtractive color is the RGB is additive color; CMYK is
process used to create subtractive color
color in printing.
Transformation from RBG to CMY

C
M = 1
1
- R
G
Y 1 B

The inverse transform is

R
G = 1
1
- C
M
B 1 Y
Under color Removal : CMYK
• CMYK
– Used mostly for printing, based on cyan, magenta, yellow
and black inks used for colour separation.

K =min{ C , M ,Y }
C C-K
M = M-K
Y Y-K

CMYK system get the “true” black by adding K component

 HSB Colour
Model
• HSL(HSB)－hue, Saturation,
Lightness/Brightness.

• Hue is an angle (0-360)

specifying the position on a
colour wheel.

• Saturation is a percentage representing

the difference from a neutral grey.
0% 100%

• Brightness is a
percentage representing
the continuum from
black to white. 0% 100%
Basic Concepts of Images

Some definitions: for clarity here:

➢ Graphics : computer generated or drawn

➢ Image: scanned, captured, taken photograph or
an graphic file not generated directly.
What is a Digital Image?
•A digital image is a representation of a two- dimensional
image as a finite set of digital values, called picture
elements or pixels
What is a Digital Image?
(cont…)
Pixels: smallest picture element.
Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colours, heights, opacities etc.
Bitmap: An array of information that contains the information for the image.
OR, Is a simple information matrix describing the individual dots that are the
smallest elements of resolution on a computer screen or other display or printing
device.
– It is a 3 dimensional array
– Width x Height x 24 (8 for each color)
– (.bmp and .tif or .tiff are most common bitmaps)

1 pixel
 Image Format
•Common image formats include: Popular File Formats
• 1 sample per point (B&W or
Grayscale) (1 bit image) ✓ JPEG
✓ GIF,
• 3 samples per point (Red,
Green, and Blue) ✓ BMP,
• 4 samples per point (Red, ✓ Others
Green, Blue, and “Alpha”,
a.k.a. Opacity)
1-Bit Image
• Also called Binary Image or Monochrome
Image

1-Bit Image Examples

1-Bit Image: Features

• Consist of on and off pixels (pixel--picture

elements in digital images)
• Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1),
0--black, 1--white
1-Bit Image: Size and Usage

• Storage
– Monochrome image with resolution: 640×480
– 640×480/8 bytes
– Storing space needed: 38.4KB
• Usage
– Pictures containing only simple graphics and
text
8-Bit Gray-level Image

8-Bit Gray-Level Image Examples

8-Bit Gray-level Image: Features

• Each pixel is represented by a single byte

– A gray value between 0 and 255
• The entire image can be thought of as a two
dimensional array of pixel values
– Called bitmap
8-Bit Gray-level Image: Size

• Resolution
– High：1600×1200
– Low：640×480
– Aspect Ratio : 4:3
• The space needed by a 640×480 grey image
– 640×480＝307,200 bytes
24-Bit Color Image
 24-Bit Color Image: Feature

• Each pixel using three bytes: representing RGB

– Value from 0 to 255;
– Supports 256×256×256 colors，16,777,216
– 640×480×3 bytes
• 640×480 24-Bit Color image，921.6KB
• Each pixel described by different grey values of RGB
24-Bit Color Image

Fig. 3.5: Example of 24-bit color image

 8-Bit Color Image

24-bit Color Image 8-bit Color Image

• Note the great savings in space for 8-bit images, over 24-bit
ones:
A 640 x 480 8-bit color image only requires 300 kB of storage, com
pared to 921.6 kB for a 24 bit color image (again, without any
compression applied).
Popular image file format

• GIF
• JPEG
• BMP
• PNG
• TIFF
• EXIF
• others
GIF Image
GIF Image: features

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format )

➢ Can animate
➢ Best compression for simple graphics – bad for photos
➢ Can generate transparent regions
➢ Limited to 8-bit（256）color image
▪ GIF image depth from 1bit to 8bit
▪ GIF image supports 256 colors
JPEG Image
JPEG Image: Features
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
– Created by the Task Group of the International
Standard Organization (ISO).
➢ JPEG achieve high rates of compression
➢ A lossy compression method
➢ Allow user to set a desired level of quality, or
compression ratio (input divided by output)
➢Generally better for images and photos
➢Now can animate as well.
 JPEG vs. GIF
• JPEG • GIF
• Complex color patter (millions of • 256 colors
colors) E.g. flat color
E.g. Colors blend and fade into • GIF display first large
one another
blocks appear, then those
• A greater degree of blocks resolve into more
compression detail, and finally each
• JPEG display line by line, leaving individual pixel display
empty space where it hasn’t yet • GIF can be made
downloaded. transparent
PNG File Format

• Portable Network Graphic format

❖ “.png” extension
• The best format for Web graphics
• Death of PNG
❖ Lack of browser compatibility
Other typical image formats

• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

• EXIF (Exchange Image File)
• PSD
• Others
Some Image Techniques

Dithering
Dithering is a technique to increase the number of colors to
be perceived in an image.

It is based on human eye’s capability for spatial

integration, that is, if you look at a number of closely
placed small objects from a distance, they will look like
merged together.
Some Image Techniques

Aliasing
Is caused by the limited resolution of an output device.
Aliasing makes edges seen as staircases.
 Some Image Techniques
Anti-aliasing
• Is a technique to reduce the staircase effect.
• It works by filling in pixels which should be half filled
with different levels of gray or matching colours.
• The result is sharper edges, not blurring or
smoothing them
What is Digital Image Processing?

•Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

– Improvement of pictorial information for human

interpretation

– Processing of image data for storage, transmission and

representation for autonomous machine perception

History of Digital Image
Processing
•Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital
imaging was in the news-paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image
– Images were transferred by submarine cable
between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
 History of DIP (cont…)
• Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane
system resulted in higher quality images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
Improved
of tones in digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
History of DIP (cont…)
•1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of
the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of images
of the moon taken by the
Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used in
other space missions including
the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
History of DIP (cont…)
• 1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical
applications
– 1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield
& Prof. Allan M. Cormack share
the Nobel Prize in medicine for
the invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans Typical head slice CAT
image
History of DIP (cont…)
•1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has
exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of
areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
Image Enhancement
/Restoration
•One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve
quality, remove noise etc
Image Enhancement cont...
Examples: The Hubble Telescope
•Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope
can take images of very distant objects
•However, an incorrect mirror made
many of Hubbles
images useless
•Image processing
techniques were used to
fix this
Artistic Effects
•Artistic effects are used to
make images more visually
appealing, to add special
effects and to make
composite images
Medicine
• Take slice from MRI(Magnetic Resolution
Image) scan of canine heart, and find
boundaries between types of tissue
➢ Image with gray levels representing tissue density
➢ Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
GIS(Geographic Information
Systems)
– Digital image processing techniques are used
extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
Industrial Inspection
▪ Human operators are
expensive, slow and unreliable
▪ Make machines do the job
instead
Industrial Inspection cont..
Examples: PCB Inspection
• Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are
present and that all solder joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are
used
Law Enforcement
•Image processing techniques
are used extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
images
HCI (human computer
interfaces)
•Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
•These tasks can be
extremely difficult
 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Object
Image Recognition
Enhancement

Image
Acquisition Image
Compression

Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Acquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image
Acquisition Image
Compression

Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image Image
Acquisition Compression

Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image
Acquisition Image
Compression

Problem Domain

Colour Image
Processing
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image
Acquisition Image
Compression

Problem Domain

Colour Image
Processing
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image
Acquisition Image
Compression

Problem Domain

Colour Image
Processing
 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image
Acquisition Image
Compression

Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition

Image
Image
Acquisition
Compression

Problem Domain
Colour Image
Processing
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• A general-purpose computer to be useful for

image processing, four key demands must be
met:
– High-resolution image display,
– Sufficient memory transfer bandwidth,
– Sufficient storage space, and
– Sufficient computing power.
• A 32-bit computer can address up to 4GB of
memory(ram).
 Image And Graphics Software

❖ Image editing and processing ❖ Vector graphics tools,

tools, such as such as
➢ Windows Paint — simple ➢ Adobe Illustrator
➢ Adobe Photoshop ➢ Macromedia
➢ Macromedia Firework Freehand
➢ MetaCreation Painter ➢ Corel Draw
➢ Corel PhotoPaint
➢ Paint Shop Pro — a low cost
shareware
➢ The GIMP — an open source
program with excellent functions
Thanks for your
time