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Module1
Dr.G.Malathi
Associate Professor Senior,
Imaging and Computer Vision Research Group Chair
School of Computing Science and Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai
1
Syllabus
Module1: Introduction, Digital Image, its
Representations 6 hours
Image Representation and image processing
Paradigm – Elements of digital image processing
– image model – Sampling and quantization –
relationships between pixels – connectivity,
distance measures between pixels – color
image(overview, various color models) – various
image formats –bmp, jpeg, tiff,pnd, gif, etc
2
Color fundamentals
• The color that human perceive in an object =
the light reflected from the object
scene
Illumination source
reflection
eye
Primary and secondary colors
• In 1931, CIE(International Commission on
Illumination) defines specific wavelength values
to the primary colors
– B = 435.8 nm, G = 546.1 nm, R = 700 nm
– However, we know that no single color may be called
red, green, or blue
• Secondary colors: G+B=Cyan, R+G=Yellow,
R+B=Magenta
Additive Colours
Any Media
https://www.sessions.edu/color-calculator/
Subtractive Colours
Print media
primary colors of pigments
• Primary color of pigments
– Color that subtracts or absorbs a primary color of
light and reflects or transmits the other two
Color of light: R G B
120o
G
S
H
R 0o
240o B 10
Quantities for description of quantity of
Chromatic Source of Light
– Radiance
– Luminance
– Brightness
Radiance
N
measure of amount of energy an
observer perceives from a light
source
• It is a subjective measure
– Magenta (Red+Blue)
– Cyan (Green+Blue)
– Yellow (Red+Green)
Primary Color of Light vs Primary Color of
Pigments
z=1-x-y
Chromaticity Diagram
Color Models
• The purpose of a color model (also called Color Space or Color
System) is to facilitate the specification of colors in some
standard way
• Color Models
• Most devices that deposit color pigments on paper (such as Color Printers
and Copiers) requires CMY data input or perform RGB to CMY conversion
internally
C 1.00 R
M = 1.00
- G
Y 1.00 B
CMY and CMYK Color Model
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Color pixel
• A pixel at (x,y) is a vector in the color space
– RGB color space
R( x, y)
c( x, y ) G( x, y )
B( x, y)
c.f. gray-scale image
f(x,y) = I(x,y)
Distance Measures
0 1 1 1 (c)
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 (b)
1 (a) 1 1 1
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Distance Measures
• City block distance between the pixels a and b,
with coordinates (x,y) and (s,t) is given as
• Dc(a,b)= 𝑥 − 𝑠 + 𝑦 − 𝑡
• City block distance measures the path
between the pixels based on the four
connected neighborhood (D4).
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Distance Measures
• Chess board distance between the pixels a
and b, with coordinates (x,y) and (s,t) is given
as
• D8(a,b)=max( 𝑥 − 𝑠 + 𝑦 − 𝑡 )
• The chessboard distance metric measures the
path between the pixels based on an eight
connected neighbourhood
• D4 – 1 hop distance
• DN – 2 hop distance
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Distance Measures
• Estimating distances in digital image is useful
in different shape representation and shape
recognition tasks
Distance Measures
• Finding the distance between two points by
knowing the coordinates of the two points.
r
P
City Block Distance
q
(s,t)
D4 = |x-s| +|y-t|
Flipped Class
• https://digital-photography-
school.com/understanding-all-the-different-
image-file-formats/
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