Multimedia

Chapter 1
Bit- Map Images
• Storage of images can be done in two ways:
• Bit map images
• Vector graphics
Bit-Map Images
• Pixels(picture elements). 2D matrix of pixels
• Three things to be considered:
• Minimum of 1 byte required per pixel. Vary the intensities of RGB
• True colors require 3 bytes per pixel, more than 1 million colors
• Color Depth-number of bits used to represent a pixel
HTML / CSS Color Codes – Activity 1B
• Hexadecimal numbers are often used to represent colours within HTML or CSS.

• The 6 digit hex colour code should be considered in three parts.

• First two digits represents the amount of red in the colour (max FF, or 255)

• The next two digits represent the amount of green in the colour (max FF, or 255)

• The final two digits represent the amount of blue in the colour (max FF, or 255)

• By changing the intensities of red, green and blue, we can create almost any colour.

• E.g. orange can be represented as #FFA500, which is (255 red, 165 green, 0 blue).
Bit- Map Images
Bit depth and color depth
• Bit depth determines the color depth of that pixel.
• As the bit depth increases number of possible colors that can be represented also
increase.
• Example a bit depth of 8 bits/pixel it can represent 256 different colors (Color
depth) can be represented.
• Image Resolution- number of pixels that make up an image. Ex: 4096 x 3192
pixels
• Screen Resolution – number of horizontal ad vertical pixels that makes up a screen
display.
• Refer fig 1.1
Bit- Map Images
• Two things can be done
• Modify the picture
• Reduce the resolution (image gets pixelated) –ppi reduced
• Pixel density- number of pixels per square inch(ppi)
• How pixel density is calculated for example Apple IPhone 8 which has
5.5 inch screen and screen resolution is 1920 x 1080 pixels
• add together the squares of the resolution size (19202+10802)
• Find the square root of the value in the above step
• Divide it with the screen size
Bit- Map Images
• While zooming in a digital camera, the number of pixels that make up
the picture remains same but the area covered by them will increase,
hence reducing the sharpness.
• Refer figure 1.3
• High resolution pictures increase in file size.
• Bit map images rely on human eye resolution to some extent. The eye
can tolerate a certain amount of resolution reduction before there is a
significant loss in the quality.
Calculating bit map image file size
• Size of the file required to store a bit map image depends on image
resolution and bit depth.
• Screen resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels and a bit depth of 24 requires
1920 x 1080 x 24=49 766 400 bits
(49 766 400)/8=6 220 800 bytes= 6.22 MB or 5.933 MiB
• While saving a bit map image , it should have a file header which contains
• File type
• File size
• Image resolution
• Bit depth.
Vector Graphics Images
• Uses 2D points to describe lines and curves and the properties are
grouped together to form geometric shapes.
• Vector graphics can be designed using Computer Aided Design (CAD)
software
• A vector graphic will contain a drawing list that is made up of
• The command used for each object that makes up the graphic image.
• The attributes that define the properties that make up each object
• The relative position of each object.
• Relative positon of object with each other in the final graphics need to be
defined; which means the scaling up doesn't cause quality loss.
Vector Graphics Images
 SOUND FILES
• Sound requires a medium to travel through. Sound is transmitted by causing
oscillations of particles within the medium.
• The human ear picks up these oscillations and interpret as sound.
• Each sound wave has a frequency and wavelength
• Amplitude refers to the loudness of the sound.
 SOUND FILES
• Sound is an analogue value and need to be converted to digital to store in a computer.
• ADC is used
• To convert to music file
• Filter
• Sampled at a given time rate
• Refer fig 1.6
• Sampling Resolution – representation of sound sample (number of bits per sample)
how many gradation of amplitude can be represented in the digital waveform.
• Sampling Rate - Number of sound samples taken per second.
• higher the sampling rate or sampling resolution greater is the sound file size.
 Video
• Videos are moving images by stitching a number of still photos(frames) together.
• Video Cameras store compressed photo frames at a speed of 25MB per second –
known as motion JPEG.
• Frame rate- refers to number of frames recorded per second.