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Advanced Heat Transfer Lecture1
Advanced Heat Transfer Lecture1
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
What is heat transfer?
Heat transfer (or heat) is energy in transit due to
a temperature difference
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
The convention (in this lecture series) is
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Radiation which is given off by a body
because of its temperature is called
thermal radiation
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
A scene from “Silence of the lambs”
A photograph of a car
taken with taken with
an an
ordinary infrared
camera camera
Q conduction T1 T2
Q convection T T 1 2
Qradiation T1 T2
4 4
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Classical theory
Quantum theory
E photon h v h 6.63 10 34
J s
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
SPEED, FREQUENCY and WAVELENGTH
w
Determined Determined by
by the medium the source
c
c=3·108 m/s ( in vacuum)
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
SPEED, FREQUENCY and WAVELENGTH
c
c medium
n medium
The frequency stays the same so,
medium
nmedium
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
COMMON UNITS FOR WAVELENGTH
1 micrometer = 10-6 m
1 nanometer = 10-9 m
1 angstrom = 10-10 m
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.1 (Calculate energy of photons)
Energy in Number of
Frequency Photon
electron photons in a
(Hz) energy in J joule of energy
volts
Short radio
waves 6.63·10-27 4.1·10-8 1.5·1026
ν=107
Visible light
waves 6.63·10-19 4.1 1.5·1018
ν=1015
X-rays
ν=1018 6.63·10-16 4.1·103 1.5·1015
Gamma
rays 6.63·10-14 4.1·105 1.5·1013
ν=1020
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
THERMAL RADIATION
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.6 Geometrical Considerations
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.6.2 Solid Angle
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.2
Derive formula for calculating the length of an arc and
the circumference of a circle.
ds R d Plane angle
in radiance
2
s R d R 2 1
1
dA R d 2
The solid angle
in steradians
2
A R d R 2 1
2 2
1
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
How to calculate the solid angle?
dAs
d 2
R
d sin d d
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Now we can complete the integration since we know
how to calculate the solid angle:
2 2 2
A R 2 d R 2 sin d d
1 1 1
R 2 1 cos
2 2
1
Area (hemispher e) R 2 (1 0) 2 R 2 2
dAP dA cos
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.6.4 Radiation Intensity and Irradiation
indicates direction
W
i is the spectral intensity in 2
'
m (Projected Area ) sr m
W
i is the total intensity in 2
'
m (Projected Area ) sr
i i d
' '
0
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Irradiation
g (, , ) cos d
'
i
all directions
2 / 2
g ( , , ) cos sin d d
'
i
0 0
1
/2
i cos( 2 ) 0 i'
'
2
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
For isotropic radiation
g i '
g i '
hemisphere
cos d
0
cos sin d d
0
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.7 Governing Laws for Thermal Radiation
1.7.1 Black Body Radiation
Real surfaces (bodies)
g g g g
reflectivity
absorptivity
transmissivity
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
BLACK BODY RADIATION
Properties:
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
The angular distribution of radiation intensity
emitted by a black body
eb b b
' ' '
i cos d i cos d ib
hemisphere hemisphere
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.7.2 Planck’s Radiation Law
C1 1
eb ( , T ) ib ( , T ) '
C 2 / T
e 5
1
16
C1 3.7418 10 Wm 2
2
C2 1.438769 10 mK
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Planck’s Radiation Law
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Planck’s Radiation Law
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
eb ( , T ) C1 1
C / T
T 5
T e 2 1
5
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
See Example 1.4 of the lecture notes to understand
the meaning of:
Frequency distribution
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.4
Height per Number of Class mark
class (cm) students (cm)
-Frequency
153-159 4 156
160-166 12 163
167-173 18 170
174-180 25 177
181-187 33 184
188-194 22 191
195-201 11 198
202-208 5 205
TOTAL 130
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.4
35
30
Number of students per height
f(x)
25
20
15
P
10 Q
0
149 156 163 170 177 184 191 198 205 212
Height (cm)
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.4
Area f ( x) dx (4 12 18 25 33 22 11 5) 130
P
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.4
Cumulative distribution
(less than the upper class boundary)
Height (cm) Number of students
Less than 153 cm 0
Less than 160 cm 4
Less than 167 cm 16
Less than 174 cm 34
Less than 181 cm 59
Less than 188 cm 92
Less than 195 cm 114
Less than 201 cm 125
Less than 208 cm 130
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.4
174
1 1
F(less than 174cm) 4 12 18 (4 12 18)
f ( x) dx
0
4 12 18 f ( x) dx
F (less than 174 cm) 0
130
f ( x) dx
0
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Example 1.4
Cumulative distribution
1.0
F(x) Cumulative Frequency (No. of Students)
120
80 0.6
60
0.4
40
0.2
20
0 0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Height (cm)
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.7.3 Wien’s Displacement Law
We are looking for a wavelength that maximizes
the Planck’s function for a given temperature
eb ( , T )
C1
e5
C 2 / T
1
1
C1 e 5
C 2 / T
1
1
deb
d
C1 C2 / T
(5) 6 e
1
1
C1
5
(1) e C 2 / T
1 e
2 C 2 / T
C2
(1) 0
T
2
T C2 / T
C2 1
5 1 e
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
C2 1
f ( T ) C2 / T
T
5 1 e
0.010
0.005
max·T = 0.0028977756 m·K
(C3-Wien's constant)
f(·T) in m·K
0.000
-0.005
-0.010
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
·T in m·K
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Wien’s Law
max T C3 2,898 μm K
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.7.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
eb eb ( , T ) d ?
0
C1 T 4 C1 3 0
C2
eb d d
0 5
e C2 / T
1 C2 e 1
4
T
0
3
e 1 d 15
C1
eb 4 T 4 T 4
C2 15
Stefan-Boltzmann
5.67 10 W/(m K ) 8 2 4
constant
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.8 Blackbody Radiation in a Wavelength Interval
2
e ( , T ) d 1
2
4
F1T _ 2T 1
e ( , T ) d
T 1
e ( , T ) d
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof.0Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
2
1
4 b
F1T _ 2T e ( , T ) d
T 1
2 1
1
4 b
e ( , T ) d eb ( , T ) d F0 _ 2T F0 _ 1T
T 0 0
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
T 1T
1 2 eb ( , T ) eb ( , T )
F1T _ 2T d (T ) d (T ) F0 _ 2T F0 _ 1T
0 T 5
0
T 5
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.9 Blackbody Emission into a Medium Other than Vacuum
C1 1
eb ( , T ) C 2 / T
e 5
1
c
cm m
n n
h cm
C1m 2 h c C1 / n 2
m
2
C2 m C2 / n
k
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
ebm (m , T ) n eb ( , T ) 3
n- refractive index
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
ebm n T 2 4
C3
max, n T
n
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.10 Historical Note – Origin of Quantum Mechanics
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
a 1 The challenge was in
eb ( , T ) b / T
e5
1 deriving a and b constants
from the first principle
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
Quantification of energy (Max Planck – 1990)
E m hv
m=1,2,3,... – quantum number
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
In 1905 Albert Einstein made an assumption
the energy of a light was concentrated into
localized bundles – later called photons
E h
Planck, the originator of the h constant, did not accept
at once Einstein’s photons. In 1913 Planck wrote about
Einstein “that he sometimes have missed the target in his
speculations, as for example in his theory of light quanta,
cannot really be held against him”
In 1918 – Planck received a Nobel prize “for his discovery
of energy quanta”
In 1921 – Einstein received his Nobel prize “for his service to
theoretical physics and specially for discovery of the law of
photoelectric effect”
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)
1.12 Summary
Planck’s law
Wien’s law
Stefan-Boltzmann law
Advanced Heat Transfer - Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Weber - Winter 2005/2006 - Lecture 1 (Governing Laws)