Paper Battery =

Paper + Battery

A paper battery is an electric battery engineered to use a

spacer formed largely of cellulose (the major constituent of
paper). It incorporates [nanoscopic scale] structures to act
as high surface-area electrodes to improve conductivity.
BATTERY
Whats a battery??
• Combination of cells
• Symbol of a battery :
Timeline of Battery History
• 1748—Benjamin Franklin first coined the term "battery" to
describe an array of charged glass plates.
• 1780 to 1786—Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now
understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses and
provided the cornerstone of research for later inventors like Volta
to create batteries.
• 1800 Voltaic Pile—Alessandro Volta invented the Voltaic Pile and
discovered the first practical method of generating electricity. Constructed
of alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in
brine between the metals, the Voltaic Pile produced electrical current.

•The metallic conducting arc was used

to carry the electricity over a greater
distance. Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile
was the first "wet cell battery" that
produced a reliable, steady current of
electricity.
• 1836 Daniell Cell—
• The Voltaic Pile could not
deliver an electrical current for a
long period of time.
• Englishman, John F. Daniell
invented the Daniell Cell that
used two electrolytes: copper
sulfate and zinc sulfate. The
Daniel Cell lasted longer than
the Volta cell or pile. This
battery, which produced about 1.1 volts
1.1 volts, was used to power
objects such as telegraphs,
telephones, and doorbells,
remained popular in homes for
over 100 years.
• 1839 Fuel Cell—William Robert Grove
developed the first fuel cell, which produced
electricity by combining hydrogen and
oxygen.
• 1839 to 1842—Inventors created
improvements to batteries that used liquid
electrodes to produce electricity. Bunsen
(1842) and Grove (1839) invented the most
successful.
• 1859 Rechargeable—French inventor,
Gaston Plante developed the first practical
storage lead-acid battery that could be
recharged (secondary battery). This type of
battery is primarily used in cars today.
• 1866 Leclanche Carbon-Zinc Cell
• French engineer, Georges Leclanche patented the carbon-zinc wet cell
battery called the Leclanche cell
• George Leclanche's original cell was assembled in a porous pot.
• The positive electrode consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little
carbon mixed in.
• The negative pole was a zinc rod.
• The cathode was packed into the pot, and a carbon rod was inserted to act as
a current collector.
• The anode or zinc rod and the pot were then immersed in an ammonium
chloride solution
• The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup
and making contact with the cathode material.
• Georges Leclanche then further improved his design by substituting the
ammonium chloride paste for liquid electrolyte and invented a method of
sealing the battery, inventing the first dry cell, an improved design that was
now transportable.
• 1881—J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative
electrode and porous pot placed in a zinc cup.
• 1881—Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell
battery (zinc-carbon cell).
• 1899—Waldmar Jungner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable
battery.
•1901 Alkaline Storage—Thomas Alva Edison
invented the alkaline storage battery. Thomas
Edison's alkaline cell had iron as the anode
material (-) and nickelic oxide as the cathode
material (+).
•1949 Alkaline-Manganese Battery—Lew
Urry developed the small alkaline battery in
1949. The inventor was working for the
Eveready Battery Co. at their research laboratory
in Parma, Ohio. Alkaline batteries last five to
eight times as long as zinc-carbon cells, their
predecessors.
• 1954 Solar Cells

• Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl

Chapin invented the first solar battery
• A solar battery converts the sun's energy
into electricity.
• In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller,
and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar
battery.

• Bell Laboratories in New York announced the prototype manufacture of a

new solar battery. Bell had funded the research. The first public service trial of
the Bell Solar Battery began with a telephone carrier system (Americus,
Georgia) on October 4, 1955.
•1964—Duracell was incorporated.
• 2007- in August 2007 at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a
research team conducted by Dr. Robert Linhardt; Dr.Omkaram
Nalamasu and Dr.Pulickel Ajayan, developed the Paper battery.

• 2009-In December 2009 at Stanford University, Yi Cui and his

research team successfully invented the original working
prototype that provides 1.5 V as its terminal voltage.
• The ordinary Electro-Chemical battery faces many problems like:
• Limited life time: The primary batteries can’t be recharged like
secondary batteries. They irreversibly convert chemical energy into the
electrical energy. Although the secondary batteries may be
rechargeable, the life time may be very short and also they are very
costlier than the primary ones. The paper battery provides a better
advantage of all these problems.
• Environmental Influence: The extensive use of batteries can generate
environmental pollutions like toxic metal pollutions etc. But the Paper
batteries are environmentally friendly and can decompose very easily
without any abuse.
• Leakage: If by chance any leakage of batteries occurred, the chemical
released may be very dangerous to the environment and also to the
nearby metals which are in contact with the batteries. But there is no
toxic chemical in the paper batteries
• Paper battery = paper (cellulose ) + carbon nanotubes
• A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production
device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet
of cellulose based paper.
• A paper battery acts as both a high energy battery and super capacitor.
• Cellulose is a complex organic substance found in paper and pulp; not
digestible by humans.
• A Carbon Nanotube is a very tiny cylinder formed from a single sheet of
carbon atoms rolled into a tiny cylinder.
• These are stronger than steel and more conducting than the best
semiconductors.
• They can be Single-walled or Multi-walled
• The composition of these batteries is what sets them apart from
traditional batteries.
• Paper is abundant and self-sustaining, which makes paper cheap.
• Disposing of paper is also inexpensive since paper is combustible as
well as biodegradable.
• Using paper gives the battery a great degree of flexibility.
• The battery can be bent or wrapped around objects instead of
requiring a fixed casing.
• Also, being a thin, flat sheet, the paper battery can easily fit into tight
places, reducing the size and weight of the device it powers.
 The properties of Paper Batteries are mainly dependant to
the properties of its constituents
• a)Properties of Cellulose
• It has a very high tensile strength and low shear strength.
• It is biodegradable.
• It is biocompatible.
• It has a great porosity & absorption capacity.
• It is easily reusable and recyclable
• It is non –toxic
• b) Properties of Carbon Nanotube
• It has a high tensile Strength (Greater than Steel).
• It is very light and very flexible.
• It has very good electrical conductivity (better than silicon).
• It has low resistance (~33 ohm per sq. inch).
• c) Additional Properties acquired by Paper Batteries:
• Its Output Open Circuit Voltage (O.C.V): 1.5-2.5 V.
• The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is directly proportional to CNT
concentration.
• Stacking the Paper and CNT layers multiplies the Output Voltage.
i.e. For length, l = V volts
• Slicing the Paper and CNT layers divides the Output Voltage
i.e. For length,(l/2) =(V/2) volts
• Robert Linhardt from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute invented the
original concept of paper batteries about a decade ago.
• He layered cellulose (paper) on conductive carbon nanotubes.
• Even though the combined structure was sturdy enough to build
batteries, it fell apart when it was flexed.
• A Stanford University team led by Professor Yi Cui found a solution
to the problem. His group developed an ink by dispersing carbon
nanotubes in an aqueous phase of water and a surfactant.
• The aqueous ink was easily spread on paper after which water was
removed by evaporation in a heated oven. As the water was driven off
the nanotubes adhered strongly to the paper resulting in a highly
conductive piece of paper.
• A simple paper battery can be constructed
according to the following .
• Take a piece of ordinary paper.
• Coat the surface of one side of this paper
with ionic solution.
• Spread the carbon nanotubes ink over this
ionic-coated paper.
• Laminate the other side of the paper to a
thin film of lithium.
• Attach aluminum rods to the two surfaces
to transfer current between two
electrodes.
• The internal performance of paper batteries is identical to that of a
traditional battery by generating a voltage about 1.5V.
• With the
developing technologies and
reducing cost of CNTs,
the paper batteries will find applications in the following
fields:
• In laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight
of these devices can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline
batteries with light-weight Paper Batteries, without compromising with
the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical hazards related to
recharging will be greatly reduced.
• In calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• In wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard,
Bluetooth headsets etc.
• In Enhanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) where in both the sides of the
PCB can be used: one for the circuit and the other side (containing the
components) would contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This
would eliminate heavy step-down transformers and the need of separate
power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
• In Pacemakers for the heart
• In Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• In Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• In Biosensors, such as Glucose meters, Sugar meters, etc.
• In Hybrid Car batteries
• In Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• For Light weight guided missiles
• For powering electronic devices in Satellite programs
• Used as both battery and capacitor. •High efficiency.
• It is flexible. •Available in different sizes.
• It is ultra thin energy storage device. •Energy efficient.
• Long lasting. •It is light weight.
• Non toxic. •It is more economical.
• Steady power production. •Can be easily disposed.
• Shaped for different applications. •Can be recharged.
•Generates close to 1.5 Volts of
energy.
• Prone to tearing.
• Nanotubes made from carbon are expensive due to use of procedures like
electrolysis and laser ablation.
• Should not be inhaled, as they can damage lungs.
• Each sheet of battery-paper can generate about 2.4 volts with a power
density of about 0.6 milliamps/cm2.
• For higher voltages, paper can be stacked. For more current, the sheets can
be expanded to larger areas.
• The battery-paper operates from minus 100 degrees up to 300 degrees
Fahrenheit, and can deliver quick surges of current, as claimed by the RPI
researchers. It can also be rolled twisted or cut into many shapes.
• So far, the RPI researchers have only cycled their paper batteries through
100 rechargings.
• But they claim no deterioration in performance has been detected after
recharging. Next, they plan long-term testing of the batteries to determine
the maximum number of rechargings, and to optimize the design for higher
power densities.
• Since the paper is biocompatible, the researchers are experimenting in
powering medical implants with paper batteries that could use blood and sweat
as liquid electrolytes.
• Scientists have developed batteries of size slightly larger than a postal stamp
that can produce energy that is enough to illuminate a small bulb. In future we
can expect a stack of paper batteries that is able to power up a car. These are the
power source to next generation electronic devices, medical devices, pace
makers, hybrid vehicles, etc.
• Finally, the researchers want to perfect methods for printing batteries and
supercapacitors using traditional roll-to-roll printing presses.
• www.eetimes.com
• www.extremetech.com
• www.chemical-materials.elsevier.com
• www.mepits.com
• www.google.com