Expressions?

Review: German Aggression

• 1938: Sends troops to
Austria
– No action

• 1938 Munich Conference

– Britain/France
• Peaceful solution
• Sudetenland must be
annexed for Germany
– Agreed
– Promised no plans for
further aggression
 Review: British Appeasement:
• British Prime minister
Neville Chamberlain
– Returned home to
cheering crowds.
– Said he achieved “peace
in our time”
• Saved Czechoslovakia
and Europe from
Armageddon

• Criticized by British
politician Winston “Fools, why are
they cheering..?”
Churchill
 Review: Winston Churchill on Munich
Conference
• “They had to choose between war and
dishonor.” They chose dishonor; they will have
war.”
 Wake Up Call
• 6 months after Munich
Agreement, Hitler takes
the rest of
Czechoslovakia

• Britain and France

realize appeasement
not working…
– Still do not go to war

• Promised to support
Poland if attacked
 WWII
• September 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland

• British & France declare war on Germany

• World War II begins….

 The Start of World War II….
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zi7_fQSA8
hE&safe=active
 World Wars Video
(Follow Note Guide)
 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
• Germany, Japan, Italy make
common agreement:
– Fight Soviet communism
– Not to interfere in others
expansion plans

• Effect:
– Anti-democratic countries
continue their aggressive
expansion
 Non-Aggression Pact- Why?
• Based on mutual need
– Hitler
• Wanted Poland
• Did not want to fight war with
Allies and Soviet Russia at
same time.
• Learned lesson in WWI
– Avoid war on 2 fronts

– Stalin
• Bought time to build
army/defense
• Got some good land out of it
• Avoid war with Hitler
 Blitzkrieg
• Blitzkrieg- “lightning war”
– Planes bombed airfields,
factories, towns, cities
– Dive bombers fire on troops
– Fast moving tanks and troops
invade on land

• Germany conquers:
– Norway, Denmark,
Netherlands, Belgium- 1940
 Spanish Civil War
• 1931: King ousted from Spanish throne.
– New liberal government makes many
reforms

• 1936 Francisco Franco leads revolt=

bloody civil war.

– Nationalists= Franco’s supporters. Reject

liberal change.

– Loyalists: Support republic and reform.

• European powers quickly begin taking

sides
• Hitler and Mussolini: Franco

• USSR and volunteer Westerners Loyalists

• France, GB, USA neutral

 Spanish Civil War
Attack on Guernica
• German air raid
– Bomb
– Fly low for machine gun people in
streets
– No military value-
• “experiment”
• 1600 dead

• Hitler’s dress rehearsal

– “Experiment” to see what planes
could do

• 1939: Franco succeeds.

– Creates fascist dictatorship in Spain
• Rules with terror

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI4OABAP4
Is
Picasso “Guernica”
 May 12, 1940
Germany Invades France
• Move on to Paris.
• Italy jumps in on
South.
• Hitler takes France in
6 weeks. Easy.
Surrender.
France Selfie
 June 22, 1940
France Surrenders
• But to add insult to injury, Hitler wanted
France to sign their surrender on the same
railway wagon that Germany signed their
surrender in WWI.
• Unfortunately it was on a French museum.
 France Surrenders
• So Hitler ordered it to be removed from the
museum, and had it placed in the exact same spot
where it was signed by Germany in 1918…

• This is where he had France sign their surrender..

• He also made sure all French monuments
were covered and had the railway cart sent to
Germany where it was later destroyed.
 France Surrenders

“I observed Hitler’s face. It was grave, solemn, yet brimming with revenge. There was also in it…
a note of a triumphant conqueror, the defier of the world. There was something else, difficult to
describe, in his expression; a sort of scornful, inner joy at being present at this great reversal of
fate- a reversal he himself had wrought. “
- reporter
 Miracle at Dunkirk
• May 22, 1940- Remaining Allied
forces retreated to Dunkirk
– became trapped between Nazis
& English Channel

• Hitler halts the invasion

• Convinced that his air force
(Luftwaffe) could easily destroy
the remaining troops trapped
on the Dunkirk beaches.

• May 26- Operation Dynamo

– British send every vessel to
France to rescue troops on island
of Dunkirk and Ostend.
 Miracle at Dunkirk
• With not enough vessels, the British urged
every British citizen with a boat to travel out
to help.
– Fishing boats, private yachts, life boats and
others
– Faced mines, bombs, torpedoes to help at
Dunkirk

• Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) battled the

German Luftwaffe in order to make the
operation possible.

• After 9 days, the Germans troops, reordered

to invade by land closed in on the beach.

• But over this 9 day span, the British army

saved over 330,00 men who would play a
crucial role in defeating Hitler.
Britain now stands alone…..
 Winston Churchill
• Hitler believed that Britain
would push for an armistice
but new Prime Minister,
Winston Churchill, had other
plans.

• Before Parliament, Churchill

gave his famous “We Shall
Fight on the Beaches” speech,
which addressed the military
disasters in France and a
possible invasion of Britain by
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Nazi Germany. pfSqp-755KE
full speech to Parliament
Video 19:40 – 32 min
(Follow note guide)
 Battle of Britain
• Hitler knew that navy was no
match for Britain’s blockade on
English Channel.

• Operation Sea Lion: Bomb Britain

with air force
– Massive air strikes, London, other
major cities
– 57 nights
– 15,000 dead, destruction

• To survive, people went

underground in subways to sleep.
– Goal was to outlast Hitler.

• Eventually Hitler leaves in pursue

of new plan, Russia
 Operation Barbarossa
• Attack Soviet Union 1941
– Named after Frederick Barbarossa
• Holy Roman emperor who won great victories

• Goal-
– Increase German living space and rich minerals in Russia
– Also wanted to defeat communism and rival Stalin.

• “If I had the Ural mountains with their incalculable

store of treasures in raw materials, Siberia with its vast
forests, and Ukraine with its tremendous wheat fields
Germany would swim in plenty.” -Hitler
 Operation Barbarossa
• 3 million Germans into Russia.
• Russia unprepared → Many top officers killed. Stalin’s
purges
– Russia loses 2.5 million soldiers fighting back.

• Scorched Earth Policy: As Soviets retreated, they burned

and destroyed their crops, factories and equipment rather
than let them fall into enemy hands.

• German victories stalled.

– Not prepared for Russian winter.
– (-20) degrees
– Hitler refuses to retreat
– 500,000 froze to death

• Russian hardships
– Food rationed 2 pieces of bread per day
– Some so desperate ate wallpaper b/c paste said to have potato
flour
– Boiled and ate briefcases called it “jellied meat”
– Cattle/horse feed, cats, dogs, rats, crows
America Joins the War
 USA
• FDR tries to keep the U.S. out of
war and remains neutral.
– Sympathize with Allies
– Find ways around it

• Lend-Lease Act: (1941)-

• USA can sell or lend war material to any
country vital to security of USA
• “Arsenal of democracy”

Message? →
 Tension with Japan
• Late 1930s. Japan attempting to conquer China.
– Resources and power.
– 1940 invade Indochina / West Indies
– Also interested in U.S. held Philippines

• USA tries to limit Japanese aggression with

economic pressure.
– Depended heavily on U.S. resources.
– 80% oil from the U.S.
– Ended Japan’s supply:
• Airplane fuel
• Scrap iron

• Fails → 1941, Japan attacks French Indochina

– FDR freezes all U.S. assets to Japan and reduced oil
supply
– Only withdraw if removed troops

– Japan= furious, join Axis powers → Germany, Italy

 December 7, 1941
• Japan surprise attack
on Pearl Harbor, HI
– 8 battleships
– 3 cruisers
– 4 destroyers
– 6 vessels
– 188 airplanes
– 2,403 killed
– 1,178 wounded
WWII Propaganda
 Stop
• America Story of Us
– Peal Harbor

• World Wars-
– Finish Rising Threat
• Philippines
– Never Surrender (0-44)
• Pearl Harbor, Midway, Barbarossa, Hitler’s mistakes
– Next Day (Finish never surrender 44-end)
• Video questions for this
 Invasion of Italy
• July 1943- America and British
invade Italy.
– Defeat Italian troops in 1 month.
– Surrender.

• Germans rescue Italy.

– Hitler sends troops to Italy to
rescue Mussolini
– 18 months more fighting but fail
again

• Major Allied success

– Forced Hitler to fight on 2 fronts
 Death of Mussolini

• Italian resistance fighters seized German trucks in Milan in

April 1945.
• Find Mussolini inside disguised as a German soldier. Killed next day.
• Body is hung and paraded around Italy.
 Stalingrad
• 1942- Defeats and harsh winters = failed
attempts in Leningrad and Moscow
– Hitler sends his 6th army to get Russia’s rich
oil fields in southern part of Russia

• Germans advance to city of Stalingrad.

• Failed.
– Trapped by Russian army who cut their
supplies
• no ammunition, no food, another terrible
winter, Germany surrenders.
– 300,000 Germans killed, wounded or
captured.

• Hitler's forces slowly forced out of Russia.

– By 1944, Allied troops advancing to eastern
Europe
 June 6, 1944 D-Day
• Operation Overlord-
– Allied invasion to liberate France
– 60 mile stretch of beach in Normandy, France
• USA, Britain, France, Canada

• Deadliest= Omaha Beach

– 176,000 troops ferried across English channel.
– Fought way onto shore
• Facing heavy fire- machine guns, rocket launchers,
cannons, underwater mines
– Broke through and advanced towards Paris
– Liberated France. Germans retreat.
 End to War→ On to Germany
• Allies into Germany
– 1944: Battle of the Bulge: Hitler hits Allies with
everything he has left
– Slowed advance but couldn't stop Allies

• Around the clock bombing of Germany by Allies

– 1945- Germany no longer defend itself from air

• March 1945
– 3 million approach Berlin from Southwest
– 6 million Soviets advance from East close to Berlin

• Hitler knew had limited time.

– Suicide in underground bunker
– His 1000 year Reich done in 12 years

• May 7, 1945 surrender.

– “V-E Day.”
• Victory in Europe day.
 Japan
• On to Japan.
– 1945: Japanese Navy & Air Force
destroyed.
– But still had 2 million men.
• Estimated 1 million causalities for
Americans in Japanese land invasion.

• Japanese Aggression
– Battles of Okinawa and Iwo Jima
• showed Japanese fight to death
– Kamikaze pilots flew planes with bombs
into U.S. warships to save country

• Manhattan Project-
– While generals plan invasion, scientists
experiment with atomic bomb.
– Truman decides use it.
 End of Japan: The Atomic Bomb
• Hiroshima –
– August, 6, 1945
– 4 square miles
– Flash light
– 70,000 killed
– More of radiation poisoning,
water sickness, illness

• Nagasaki
– August 7
– 40,000 killed

• August 10, 1945

– Japanese surrender
– V-J Day
• America Story of Us: Clip
 WWII Aftermath
• Over 75 million dead

• 38 million dead in Europe

• 22 million dead in the Soviet Union

– 15 million civilians
– 14 million wounded

• USA 292,000
– 671,000 wounded

• Germany 2.85 million

– 7.25 million wounded
– 5 million civilians

• Britain- 389,000
– 65,000 civilians

• France 211,000
– 108,000 civilians

• Japan 1.5 million

– 3000 civilians
 Holocaust
• Many knew of the Holocaust, but only after
the wars end did they see the true horror of
the situation.
• War crimes/trials
 The United Nations (1945)
• Redo for an international peace-keeping
organization.

• Each nation has one vote in a General Assembly.

– Debate issues

• Smaller Security Council

– Greater Power
– 5 Permanent Members
• USA, Russia, Britain, France, China
• All have right to veto any Council decision
– Goal: Give great powers authority to ensure peace
– Differences can still prevent tackling controversial issues

• Also work to solve world problems

– Disease, education, economic development,
protecting refugees
• WHO, Food/Agricultural Organization
End