 This type of testers contain a compensation device

for the voltage of the battery since the light output

varies with the battery voltage.

 These meters also help in finding out whether or not

lenses, reflectors and bulbs need cleaning and
replacement.

 There is a marked decrease in the light output due

to even a small amount of darkening of the
reflector,dirtying of the lens and blackening of the
 AIM:
 The windscreen must be clean enough to provide
suitable visibility at all times which is the aim of WIPER
SYSTEM.

 REQUIREMENTS:
 Efficient removal of water and snow.
 Efficient removal of dirt.
 Operate at temperatures from -30 to 80 ° C.
 Pass the stall and snow load test.
 Service life in the region of 1500 000 wipe cycles.
 Resistant to corrosion from acid, alkali and ozone.
 The windshield wiper and washer switch operates when the
ignition switch is placed in the ON position.
 Push the lever down to operate the wiper at the following speed:
 1 Intermittent — intermittent operation can be adjusted by
turning the switch toward A (Slower) or B (Faster). Also, for
vehicles equipped with speed dependent wipers, the intermittent
operation speed varies in accordance with the vehicle speed. (For
example, when the vehicle speed is high, the intermittent
operation speed will be faster.)
2 Low — continuous low speed operation
3 High — continuous high speed operation
 Push the lever up 4 to have one sweep operation of the wiper.
 Pull the lever toward you 5 to operate the washer. The wiper will
also operate several times.
 Wiper Blades.

 Wiper Linkages.

 Wiper motor.

 Windscreen washers.
 The wipers combine two mechanical
technologies to perform their task:

 A combination electric motor and worm gear

reduction provides power to the wipers.

 A neat linkage converts the rotational output of

the motor into the back-and-forth motion of the
wipers.
 It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades
back and forth across the windshield so quickly.

 In order to generate this type of force, a worm gear is

used on the output of a small electric motor.

 The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of

the motor by about 50 times, while slowing the output
speed of the electric motor by 50 times as well.

 The output of the gear reduction operates a linkage

that moves the wipers back and forth.
 The arms of the wiper drag a thin rubber strip across the windshield to
clear away the water.

 When the blade is new, the rubber is clean and has no nicks or cracks. It
wipes the water away without leaving streaks. When the wiper blades
age, nicks or cracks form, road grime builds up on the edge and it doesn't
make as tight a seal against the window, so it leaves streaks. Sometimes
you can get a little extra life out of your wiper blade by wiping the edge
with a cloth soaked in window cleaner until no more dirt comes off the
blade.
 The wiper blades are made of a rubber
compound and are held on to the screen by a
spring in the wiper arm.

 The aerodynamic properties of the wiper

blades have become increasingly important
due to the design of the vehicle as different
air currents flow on and around the screen
area.
 The strip on top of the rubber element is
often perforated to reduce air drag.

 A good quality blade will have a contact

width of about 0.1 mm.

 The lip wipes the surface of the screen at an

angle of about 45°.
 The pressure of the blade on the screen is
also important as the coefficient of friction
between the rubber and glass can vary from
0.8 to 2.5 when dry and 0.1 to 0.6 when wet.

 Temperature and velocity will also affect

these figures.
 Most cars have pretty much the same wiper design: Two
blades move together to clean the windshield.

 One of the blades pivots from a point close to the driver's

side of the car, and the other blade pivots from near the
middle of the windshield which is the Tandem System.

 This design clears most of the windshield that is in the

driver's field of view.
 There are a couple of other designs on some
cars.

 Mercedes uses a single wiper arm that

extends and retracts as it sweeps across the
window -- Single Arm (Controlled).

 This design also provides good coverage, but

is more complicated than the standard dual-
wiper systems
 Check Engine or
Malfunction
Indicator Light
(MIL)
 Coolant Temp
Warning

Oil Pressure Warning
 Battery/Charging Alert
 Transmission Temperature
 Oil Change Reminder

Service Vehicle Soon
 TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System)
 Brake System
 ABS Light
 Cruise Control
 Security Alert
 Reduced Power Warning
 Gas Cap
 ESP Fault
 Lamp Out
 Traction Control or ESP
 Overdrive Light
 Washer Fluid Reminder
 Door Ajar
 Airbag Fault
 Fog Lamp
 Glow Plug (Diesel)
 Adaptive cruise control systems make use of laser or radar sensors.

 These sensors are capable of detecting the presence and speed of other
vehicles, and that information is used to maintain a safe following distance.

 If adaptive cruise control detects an obstruction in the roadway, or the lead

vehicle slows down, the system is capable of cutting the throttle,
downshifting, and even activating the brakes.

 These systems usually shut down after your vehicle slows down to a certain
speed, so they aren’t capable of bringing you to a complete stop.

 Fully adaptive systems, like those found in late model BMWs, are capable
of functioning in stop and go traffic.
 Adaptive headlights are capable of actually rotating
with the vehicle, which effectively lights up more the
road surface.

 Most adaptive headlight systems improve sight

distance in corners, but some are also capable of
adjusting in response to weather conditions, the
presence of other vehicles, and other factors.

 When the system detects another vehicle, it is capable

of shading the precise areas of the headlight that
would cause the other driver to experience glare.
 Some of these systems use lasers, others use radar, and some
even use video data.
 This sensor input is then used to determine if there are any
objects present in the path of the vehicle.
 If an object is detected, the system can then determine if the
speed of the vehicle is greater than the speed of the object in
front of it. A significant speed differential may indicate that a
collision is likely to occur, in which case the system is capable
of automatically activating the brakes.
 In addition to the direct measurement of sensor data, some
automatic braking systems can also make use of GPS data. If a
vehicle has an accurate GPS system and access to a database
of stop signs and other information, it can activate its auto
brakes if the driver accidentally fails to stop in time.
 Some automatic parking systems offer hands-free parallel
parking, and others simply provide some helpful
assistance.
 Automatic parallel parking systems use a variety
of sensors to determine the approximate size of the space
between two parked vehicles, and then a built-in
computer calculates the necessary steering angles and
velocities to safely navigate into the parking spot.
 In fully automated systems, the computer can then
control drive-by-wire systems with little or no input from
the driver. However, there are a few cases where the driver
may have to take control.
 Blind spot detection systems use a variety of sensors and
cameras to provide a driver with information about objects
that are outside his range of vision.

 Cameras can provide views from either side of a vehicle that

allow a driver to verify that his blind spot is clear, and rear-view
cameras can be useful when backing up or parallel parking.

 Some blind spot detection systems are able to tell the

difference between a large object like a car and a smaller
objects like a person, and they will simply alert the driver that
there is a car or pedestrian located in one of his blind spots.

 Some systems will also display a simple warning in the corner

of the rear-view mirror if there is a vehicle in the blind spot.
 When it receives data from front-facing sensors, a
collision avoidance system performs calculations to
determine if there are any potential obstructions
present.
 If the speed differential between the vehicle and any
object in front of it is too great, then the system may
be capable of performing a handful of different tasks.
 The simplest collision avoidance systems will issue a
warning at this point, which will hopefully provide the
driver with enough advanced warning to hit the
brakes or steer away from the obstruction.
 The most common configuration uses a front-facing
video camera that is mounted so that it can track both
the left and right hand lane markings.
 Some of these systems can also function if only one
lane marking is visible. By tracking the lane markings,
or examining other inputs, the drivers alert system
can detect signs of fatigued driving.
 Some drivers alert systems use complex algorithms to
differentiate between intentional movements and the
sort of drifting and jerky steering typically associated
with a fatigued driver.
 These systems will typically start off by sounding some
type of buzzer or chime and illuminating a light on the
dash.
 If the driver stops driving erratically at that point, the
system will typically shut off the nag light and reset itself.
However, if the signs of fatigued driving continue, the
drivers alert system may sound a louder alarm that
requires some sort of driver interaction to cancel.
 Some drivers alert systems eventually progress to an
alarm that can only be cancelled by pulling the vehicle
over and either opening the driver’s door or shutting the
engine off.
 GPS navigation systems effectively replace bulky,
cumbersome paper maps.

 These devices are often capable of providing vocal

directions as well, which saves the driver from
having to actually look at the screen.

 Some GPS navigation systems also provide live

traffic data, which drivers previously had to obtain
by listening to news radio stations.
 Unlike cruise control, which typically only works above a certain speed,
hill descent control systems are usually designed so that they can can
only be activated if the vehicle is moving slower than 15 or 20 mph.

 Hill descent control typically works in a multi-step process:

 The vehicle is driving at a slow speed on a steep grade, and the driver
engages hill descent control.
 The steep descent would normally cause the vehicle speed to
increase, but hill descent control uses anti-lock brakes and other
systems to maintain the speed.
 The speed remains slow throughout the descent, even if the grade
decreases.
 When the road levels off, the driver can shut hill descent off and
increase the speed of the vehicle.
 Lane Departure Warning (LDW)
 Lane Keeping Assist (LKA)
 Lane Centering Assist (LCA)
 Automotive night vision systems are broken
into two basic categories, which are referred
to as active and passive.

 Passive night vision systems use thermal

cameras that are capable of picking up the
heat that radiates from objects, animals and
people, and active systems use infrared light
sources to illuminate the darkness.