Ch-2

Performance
Vehicle
Winter 2006
CEE 320

.
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
CEE 320
Winter 2006
 Calculating Speed

• Speed (S) = distance traveled (d) / the

amount of time it took (t).

S = d/t
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Average speed

• Speed is usually NOT CONSTANT

– Ex. Cars stop and go regularly
– Runners go slower uphill than downhill

• Average speed = total distance

traveled/total time it took.
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Velocity

• Velocity – the SPEED and DIRECTION of

an object.

– Example:
• An airplane moving North at 500 mph
• A missile moving towards you at 200 m/s
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Graphing Speed:
Distance vs. Time Graphs
Speed = Slope = Rise/

Rise
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Acceleration

• Acceleration = speeding up

• Acceleration – the rate at which velocity

changes
– Can be an:
• Increase in speed
• Decrease in speed
• Change in direction
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Types of acceleration

• Increasing speed
– Example: Car speeds up at green light

• Decreasing speed screeeeech

– Example: Car slows down at stop light

• Changing Direction
– Example: Car takes turn (can be at constant
speed)
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Calculating Acceleration

• If an object is moving in a straight line

Final _ speed  Initial _ Speed

Acceleration 
Time

 Units of acceleration:
 m/s2
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Graphing Acceleration:
Speed vs. Time Graphs
14
12
10
Speed (m/s)

8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)

1) Speed is increasing with time = accelerating

2) Line is straight = acceleration is constant
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Available Tractive Effort

The minimum of:

1. Force generated by the engine, Fe
2. Maximum value that is a function of the
vehicle’s weight distribution and road-tire
interaction, Fmax

Available tractive effort  min Fe , Fmax 

Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Tractive Effort Relationships
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Engine-Generated Tractive Effort
Fe = Engine generated tractive effort
• Force reaching wheels
Me = Engine torque
M e 0 d ε0 = Gear reduction ratio
Fe  ηd = Driveline efficiency
r r = Wheel radius
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Vehicle Speed vs. Engine Speed

2rne 1  i 
V
0

V = velocity
r = wheel radius
ne = crankshaft rps
i = driveline slippage
ε0 = gear reduction ratio
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Typical Torque-Power Curves
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Power required to propel vehicle
The motion of a vehicle moving on a road is resisted
by aerodynamic forces, known as wind or air
resistance, and road resistance which is generally
termed as rolling resistance. In addition to these two
types of resistances, the vehicle has to overcome
grade resistance when it moves up on a gradient,
because the weight of the vehicle is to be lifted
through a vertical distance. Hence, the power
required to propel a vehicle is proportional to the
total resistance to its motion and the speed.
Winter 2006
CEE 320
CEE 320
Winter 2006

.
 The calculation of engine power takes into account the losses in
transmission. Hence required engine power
Winter 2006
CEE 320
CEE 320
Winter 2006
 Preview: Gear Ratio

The relationship
between the sizes of
your driving gear
and driven gear is
called the “Gear
Ratio.”
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Preview: Gear Ratio
A gear ratio is the Gear
Implies…
number of turns your Ratio
driving gear must The driving gear must
1:2 or
make in order to turn ½ make ½ a turn to turn
your driven gear the driven gear once
The driving gear must
once.
1:1 or 1 turn once to turn the
driven gear once
The driving gear must
3:1 or 3 turn 3 times to turn the
driven gear once
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Preview: Gear Ratio

You can calculate Gear Ratio by dividing the

number of teeth on the Driven Gear by the
number of teeth on the Driving Gear.

# teeth on Driven Gear

Gear Ratio =
# teeth on Driving Gear
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Preview: Gear Ratio
Let’s consider the following example
Here we have an 8 tooth driving gear and a
40 tooth driven gear.

Driving Gear
8 Teeth Driven Gear
40 Teeth
Winter 2006
CEE 320
 Preview: Gear Ratio
Find the Gear Ratios for these examples:

1. A 5-tooth gear driving a 45-tooth gear.

Gear Ratio = 9

2. A 3-tooth gear driving a 12-tooth gear.

Gear Ratio = 4

3. A 12-tooth gear driving a 3-tooth gear.

Gear Ratio = 1/4
Winter 2006
CEE 320