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Vectors and The Geometry of Space
Vectors and The Geometry of Space
VECTORS AND
THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE
VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE
12.1
Three-Dimensional
Coordinate Systems
In this section, we will learn about:
Aspects of three-dimensional coordinate systems.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2-D) COORDINATE SYSTEMS
x-axis
y-axis
z-axis
COORDINATE AXES
a is the x-coordinate.
b is the y-coordinate.
c is the z-coordinate.
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
This is called
the projection of P
on the xy-plane.
PROJECTIONS
R x R x R = {(x, y, z) | x, y, z R}
a. z = 3
b. y = 5
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS Example 1 a
A curve in R2
A surface in R3
NOTE
In Example 1, y = 5 represents
a plane in R3.
NOTE
In general, if k is a constant,
then
The three
coordinate planes
x = 0 (yz-plane),
y = 0 (xz-plane),
and z = 0 (xy-plane)
The planes x = a,
y = b, and z = c
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS Example 2
1 2 ( x2 x1 ) ( y2 y1 ) ( z2 z1 )
2 2 2
PP
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
P1 and P2 are
opposite vertices.
If A(x2, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z1) are the vertices
of the box, then
|P1P2|2 =
|P1B|2 + |BP2|2
|P1B|2 =
|P1A|2 + |AB|2
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Therefore,
1 2 ( x2 x1 ) ( y2 y1 ) ( z2 z1 )
2 2 2
PP
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS Example 3
PQ (1 2) (3 1) (5 7)
2 2 2
1 4 4
3
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS Example 4
We write it as follows.
EQUATION OF A SPHERE
x2 + y2 + z 2 = r2
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS Example 5
Show that
x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x – 6y + 2z + 6 = 0
is the equation of a sphere.
1 ≤ x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 4
z≤0
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS Example 6
The inequalities
1 ≤ x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 4
can be rewritten as:
1 x y z 2
2 2 2