ELCIAN1

Lecture 04 – Connection of
Resistors
Elmer R. Magsino, MS EE

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 Outline
Short Circuit & Open Circuit
Connection of Resistors
Resistors in Series, Parallel and Series-
Parallel
Design of a Bleeder Resistor
DC Meters

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From Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by C. K. Alexander and M. N. O. Sadiku
Recall Ohm’s Law

v  iR
If R = 0, then v = 0  short circuit case
If R = , then v =  open circuit case

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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Ohm’s Law is insufficient by itself to
analyze circuits.
When used with Kirchhoff’s Laws, a
sufficient and powerful set of tools for
analyzing a large variety of electric circuits
is developed.
Two laws
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Based on the law of conservation of charge
Requires that the algebraic sum of charges
within a system cannot change
Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the
algebraic sum of currents entering a node
is ZERO.

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
N N entering N leaving
 in  0 or  ientering   ileaving
n 1 n 1 n 1
N  number of branches connected to the node
in  nth current entering (leaving) the node

 Currents entering a node is assumed to be

positive and currents leaving a node is assumed
to be negative or vice versa.
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KCL Example 1

IT  I 2  I1  I 3
A branch may not contain two different
currents in series so as not to violate KCL. ELCIAN1 - p7
 KCL Example 2

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Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice by A. H. Robbins and W. Miller
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Based on the principle of energy

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (loop) is ZERO.

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
M
 vm  0
m 1
M  number of branches connected in the loop
vm  mth voltag e

Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

No two voltages in parallel may have different

values so as not to violate KVL. ELCIAN1 - p10
KVL Example 1

0  v1  v2  v3  v4  v5
v2  v3  v5  v1  v4
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 KVL Example 2

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Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice by A. H. Robbins and W. Miller
 Voltage and Current Divisions

Voltage Division
R1 R2 R3
Consider n …
+
resistors that I +V -
1
+V -
2
+V -
3
+
are connected V Vn Rn
-
in series -

The voltage across any resistor Ri is

Ri
Vi  Ri I  V i=1,2,…n
R1  R2  ...  Rn

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 Voltage and Current Division

Current Division …
+
Consider n resistors that I
V R1 I1 R2 I2 Rn In
are connected in parallel
-

The current Ii through any resistor Ri is

1
Ri where
Ii  I
1  1  ...  1 i=1,2,…n
R1 R2 Rn

Special Case R2 R1
Two resistors in parallel: I1  I and I2  I
R1  R 2 R1  R 2
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Example: A transistor amplifier (shown with its
equivalent circuit) is used as a stereo pre-amplifier
for a 2mV source. Find the output voltage Vo if
gm=30mA/V.

500W + +
2mV + 2kW V gmV 75kW 10kW Vo
- -

transistor amplifier circuit model

Voltage division at the input

2000
V 2mV V =1.6 mV
2000  500
Current Source = gmV =(30x10-3)(1.6x10-3)
= 48 A
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 500W + +
2mV + 2kW V gmV 75kW 10kW Vo
- -
IO
transistor amplifier circuit model

Current division to determine the current IO

through the 10kW resistor
75kW IO =42.353 A
IO  48A
75kW  10kW
Finally, from Ohm’s Law
Vo = -(42.353x10-6)(10x103)
= -423.529 mV
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 Equivalence
Two electric circuits are said to be equivalent with
respect to a pair of terminals if the voltages across
the terminals and currents through the terminals
are identical for both networks.

a x
+ +
I1 I2
V1 Circuit V2 Circuit
1 2
- -
b y

If V1=V2 and I1=I2, then with respect to terminals

ab and xy , circuit 1 and circuit 2 are equivalent.
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 Resistors in Series and in Parallel

+ R1- + R2 -
Resistors in Series a …
+
I1 +
R eq  R1  R 2  ...  R n V1 Rn
- -
b

Resistors in Parallel a …
+
I1 + + +
1 1 1 1 V1 R1 R2 Rn
   ...  - -
R eq R 1 R 2 Rn - -
b
Special Case R1R 2
Two resistors in parallel:
R eq 
R1  R 2
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Bleeder Resistors

Shunt resistor connected directly across a

load to act as “bleeders” or “absorbers” of
values of current beyond the rated values
of the load.

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Bleeder Resistors

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http://metroamp.com/wiki/index.php/Bleeder_Resistors
Analog DC Meters

Exploits the property of resistors to control

current flow
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Ohmmeter
Employs d’Arsonval
meter movement

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d’Arsonval meter movement

Consists of a movable iron-core coil

mounted on a pivot between the poles of a
permanent magnet
When current flows, torque is created and
deflects the pointer
Amount of current is determined through
the scale attached to the meter

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Analog Voltmeter

Rm approaches infinity (Why?)

To extend the range, series multiplier
resistors are connected
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Computing the value of the series
multiplier resistor
 Determine Rn = R1, R2, …, Rn
 Assume worst case condition, i.e.
Ifs = Im  corresponds to full-scale voltage Vfs
 From the figure:
V fs  I fs Rn  Rm 
Thus,
V fs
Rn   Rm
I fs ELCIAN1 - p24
Analog Ammeter
 Rm approaches zero
(Why?)
 To extend the range,
parallel (shunt)
multiplier resistors are
connected

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Computing the value of the shunt
multiplier resistor
 Determine Rn = R1, R2, …, Rn
 From the figure:
I  I fs  I m  I n
Rn
Im  I fs
Rn  Rm
Thus,
Im
Rn  Rm
I fs  I m ELCIAN1 - p26
IMPORTANT

You connect the following:

A voltmeter is ALWAYS in PARALLEL with the
element to be measured (voltage ACROSS)
A ammeter is ALWAYS in SERIES with the
element to be measured (current THROUGH)

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Design of a Multi-range Voltmeter

Design a voltmeter for the following

multiple ranges:
0 – 1V
0 – 5V
0 – 50V
0 – 100V

Assume Rm =2kW and Ifs = 100A = 0.1mA

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Solution
V fs
Using Rn   Rm , we get :
I fs

 2  103  10  2  103  8kW

1
R1 
0.1 10 3
 2  103  50  2  103  48kW
5
R2 
0.1 10  3
 2  10  500  2  10  498kW
50 3 3
R3 
3
0.1 10
 2  103  1000  2  103  998kW
100
R4 
0.1 10  3 ELCIAN1 - p29
Design of a Multi-range Ammeter

Design an ammeter for the following

multiple ranges:
0 – 1 A
0 – 100 mA
0 – 10 mA

Assume Im = 1mA and Rm = 50W

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Solution
Im
Using Rn  Rm , we get :
I fs  I m

110 3 110 3
R1  50  50  0.05W
1  110 3 0.999
3 3
110 110
R2  50  50  0.505W
100  110 3 0.099
110 3 110 3
R3  50  50  5.56W
10  110 3 0.009 ELCIAN1 - p31
Problem Solving

A 10-V source in series with several

resistors carries a current of 50mA. What
resistance must be connected in series
with the source and the resistors to limit
the current to 20mA?
A 50-V source and two resistors, R1 and
R2, are connected in series. If R2 = 4R1,
find the voltage across the two resistors.

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Problem Solving
 A 20-ohm resistor, a 30-ohm resistor, and a
resistor R are connected in parallel to form an
equivalent resistance of 4 ohms. Find R and the
current it carries if a 6-A current source is
connected to the combination.
 A current divider consists of 10 resistors in
parallel. Nine of them have equal resistances of
60 kilo-ohms and the tenth is a 20 kilo-ohm
resistor. Find the equivalent resistance of the
divider, and, if the total current entering the
divider is 40mA, find the current in the tenth
resistor.
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 Problem Solving
 Find the equivalent resistance as seen from V1 and V2.
 Find the equivalent resistance as seen from V3 and V4.
R2
1k

R1 R3
500 500
R5 R4 R6
250 2k 300

R10 R9
500 R7 R8 400
R11 1k 1k R12
250 V3 V4 300

R13 R14
500 R15 500
1k

R16 R17
125 125

V1 V2 ELCIAN1 - p34
Problem Solving
 Find the equivalent resistance as seen from a and b.

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Problem Solving
 Find the current I.
 If the bulbs are in parallel, find the current through each
bulb.

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Problem Solving

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Problem Solving

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Problem Solving
A d’Arsonval meter with an internal
resistance of 1kW requires 10mA to
produce full-scale deflection. Calculate
the value of a series resistance needed to
measure 50V of full scale.
A 20kW/V voltmeter reads 10V full scale.
What series resistance is required to make the
meter read 50V full scale?
What power will the series resistor dissipate
when the meter reads full scale?
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Problem Solving

If an ammeter with an internal resistance

of 100 ohms and a current capacity of
2mA is to measure 5A, determine the
value of the resistance needed. Calculate
the power dissipated in the shunt resistor.

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