HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Joyce Travelbee
(1926-1973)
“The nurse is responsible for helping the patient avoid and
alleviate the distress of unmet needs.” - Travelbee
 INTRODUCTION

• Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973) developed the Human-to-Human

Relationship Model presented in her bookInterpersonal Aspects
of Nursing (1966, 1971).She dealt with the interpersonal aspects
of nursing.She explains “human-to-human relationship is the
means through which the purpose of nursing if fulfilled”
 DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY

• Travelbee based the assumptions of her theory on the concepts of

existentialism by Soren Kierkegaard and logotherapy by Viktor
Frankl.
• Existential theory believes that that humans are constantly faced
choices and conflicts and is accountable to the choices we make in
life
• Logotherapy theory was first proposed by Viktor Frankel, a survivor
of Auschwitz, in his book Man's Search for Meaning (1963).
 BASIC CONCEPTS

• Suffering
• Meaning
• Nursing
• Hope
• Communication
• Using himself therapeutic
• Targeted Intellectual Approach
 SUFFERING

• "An experience that varies in intensity, duration and depth ... a

feeling of unease, ranging from mild, transient mental,
physical or mental discomfort to extreme pain and extreme
tortured ..."
 MEANING

• is the reason as oneself attributes

 NURSING

• to help man to find meaning in the experience of illness and

suffering.has a responsibility to help individuals and their
families to find meaning.The nurses' spiritual
and ethical choices, and perceptions of illness and suffering,
is crucial to helping to find meaning.
 HOPE

• Nurse's job is to help the patient to maintain hope and avoid

hopelessness.
• Important factors charecteristics of hope are:
• It is strongly associated with dependence on other people.
• It is future oriented.
• It is linked to elections from several alternatives or escape
routes out its situation.
 COMMUNICATION

• "a strict necessity for good nursing care"

 USING HIMSELF THERAPEUTIC

• " one is able to use itself therapeutic.“

• Self-awareness and self-understanding, understanding of
human behavior, the ability to predict one's own and others'
behavior are imporatnt in this process.
 TARGETED INTELLECTUAL APPROACH

• Nurse must have a systematic intellectual approach to the

patient's situation.
 NURSING METAPARADIGMS

• Person is defined as a human being. Both the nurse and the patient
are human beings.
• Health is subjective and objective.
• Subjective health is an individually defined state of well being in
accord with self-appraisal of physical-emotional-spiritual status.
• Objective health is an absence of discernible disease, disability of
defect as measured by physical examination, laboratory tests and
assessment by spiritual director or psychological counselor.
 NURSING METAPARADIGMS

• Environment Environment is not clearly defined.

• Nursing "an interpersonal process whereby the professional
nurse practitioner assists an individual, family or community to
prevent or cope with experience or illness and suffering, and if
necessary to find meaning in these experiences.”
 DESCRIPTION OF THE THEORY

• Travelbee believed nursing is accomplished through human-to-

human relationships that begin with the original encounter and
then progress through stages of emerging identities, developing
feelings of empathy, and later feelings of sympathy.
• The nurse and patient attain a rapport in the final stage.
• For meeting the goals of nursing it is a prerequisite to achieving
a genuine human-to-human relationships.
• This relationship can only be established by an interaction
process.
 DESCRIPTION OF THE THEORY

It has five phases:

• The inaugural meeting or original encounter
• Visibility of personal identities/ emerging identities.
• Empathy
• Sympathy
• Establishing mutual understanding and contact/ rapport
Travelbee's ideas have greatly influenced the hospice movement
in the west.
 CONCLUSION

• Travelbee's theory has significantly influenced nursing and

health care.

• Travelbee's ideas have greatly influenced the hospice

movement in the west.