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Flocculation chamber
Sedimentation Tank
Chlorin
Filters
e
Clear water storage
Consumption
Advantages of rapid sand filters
Can deal with raw water directly no preliminary
storage required
Filter beds occupy less space
Filtration is rapid 40 – 50 times that of a slow sand
filter
Washing of filter is easy
More flexibility in the operation
Disinfection
Criteria for disinfectant in water supplies:
It should be capable of destroying pathogenic organisms
present within contact time available and should not be
influenced by constituents present in water.
Should not leave products of reaction which render water
toxic or impart color.
Should have ready and dependable availability at
reasonable cost.
Possess the property of leaving residual concentration to
deal with possible recontamination
Be amenable to detection
Chlorination
Kills pathogenic bacteria, no effect on spores and
certain viruses.
Also oxidizes iron, manganese and hydrogen sulphide,
destroys some taste and odor producing constituents
Also controls growth of algae and slime organisms and
aids coagulation.
Principles of Chlorination
Water to be chlorinated should be free of turbidity
Chlorine demand should be estimated:
Chlorine demand = Amount of chlorine added –
residual chlorine
Point at which chlorine demand is met is called
break point chlorination
Contact period of at least one hour
Minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine :
0.5mg/L for one hour
The sum of chlorine demand of specific water plus the free
residual chlorine of 0.5mg/L constitutes the correct dose of
chlorine to be added.
Methods of Chlorination
Chlorine Gas
Chloramine
Perchloron
Advantages
Advantages
Low cost
Ease of application
Kills almost all bacterial contaminants
Disadvantages
Formation of halogenated compounds which are
suspected carcinogens.
Alternatives
Ozonation
Membrane processes
- high pressure processes
- low pressure process
Purification of water on small scale
Boiling
Chemical disinfection
Bleaching powder
Chlorine solution
High test hypochlorite
Chlorine tablets
Iodine
Potassium permanganate
Filtration
Pasteur Chamberland filter, Berkefeld filter, Katadyn filter
Ultraviolet irradiation
Multi-stage reverse osmosis purification of water
Disinfection of wells