SHALE FISSILITY

PRESENTED BY:
DANIELA MAÑOZCA CRUZ
OLMER ANDRES MORALES MORA
JUAN PABLO TOVAR CRUZ
 1. INTRODUCTION OF SHALE MICROFABRIC´S PROCESSES
AND MECHANISMS
1.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES
1.1.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS
AGENDA

1.1.2 TERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSES

1.1.3 INTERFACE DYNAMICS
2. SHALES´ LOGGING
2.1 RESISTIVITY LOG
2.2 SP LOG
2.3 GAMMA RAY LOG
2.4 NEUTRONIC LOG
2.5 DENSITY LOG
3. TIGH GAS
PHYSICO- BURIAL-
BIO-ORGANIC DIAGENESIS
CHEMICAL

Electro- chemical Mass gravity

Bio-mechanical Diagenesis –
Termo- Bio-physical cementation
mechanical Bio-chemical
Interface dynamics
PHYSICO- CHEMICAL PROCESSES

As particles are transported through water and air and become

incorporated into the sediment; physical and chemical processes operate:
• to bring them together into aggregates,
• to hold them together,
• to break aggregates apart,
• to reorient particles within aggregates.
• to reorient particles within the sediment mass.
ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS

• For particle in near contact the electrochemical forces of

greatest importance are electrostatic interactions and van der
Waal's attraction. The van der Waal's attraction (force) exists
between all particles.
• In an aqueous medium, the electrochemical interactions
become complex. Almost all materials develop an electrical
charge. (Stnumn and Morgan, 1981)
VAN DER WAALS

• Van der Waals interaction, named

after Dutch scientist Johannes
Diderik van der Waals, are the
residual attractive or repulsive
forces between molecules or
atomic groups that do not arise
from a covalent bond, or ionic
bonds. (IUPAC, Compendium of
Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed.
(the "Gold Book") (1997).
The ability of geckos to climb on
sheer surfaces has been attributed
to the van der Waals forces
between these surfaces and the
spatulae, or microscopic
projections, which cover the hair
found on their footpads
THERMO-MECHANICAL

• The motion of particles that results in their initial approach and

their reorientation after contact. (Feynman et al., 1963)
• The modification of sediment fabrics by the freezing of
interstitial water
INTERFACE DYNAMICS

• Is the micro turbulence also may be considered more generally

as an aspect of mass and energy transfer at boundaries
between contacting water masses or contacting particles and
the surrounding fluid.

• Particles may be brought into contact by any of a number of

mechanisms that result in differential rates of particle
movement. (Montgomery, 1985)
RESISTIVITY LOG

• The effect of the shale depends on the

quantity and its form of distribution.

• Shale Sheet: In the direction parallel to

the shale sheets Resistivity

• Shale dispersed Resistivity In

all directions
 SP LOG

Reduces the amplitude of

the SP deflection.

Reducing the amplitude of

the deflection of the SSP
to a pseudo-static value
called PSP
INTERPRETATION OF THE DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENT FROM THE SP
The sp profile is related to
changes in grain size.

FUNNEL : Grain-growing
sequence deposited in
regressive environment.

BELL: A grain-decreasing
upward sequence deposited in a
transgressive environment
GAMMA RAY LOG

• The volume of the Shale can be estimated.

NEUTRONIC LOG

• The neutron tool reads all the

hydrogen present in the formation,
including the hydrogen from the
shale pores and hydrogen from the
water of crystallization.

• Correction by presence of shale.

DENSITY LOG

• The presence of shale in a • The scattered shale

reservoir rock makes the between the pore spaces
total density, ρb, that has less density than the
measures the density tool a neighboring shale layers.
little lower than effective
porosity.
𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 2.2 − 2.65 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
 ¿WHAT IS TIGHT GAS?
• It’s the term commonly used to
refer to gas present in low
permeability reservoirs that
produce mainly dry natural gas.

• These reservoirs cannot be

produced at economic flow rates
nor recover economic volumes of
natural gas unless a special
technique is used to stimulate
production.
SIMULATING TIGHT GAS SHALE

• Shales tend to have in-

situ stresses that are
higher than the
sandstones and are
barriers to vertical
fracture growth.
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING CONSIDERATIONS

Water-based fracturing fluids can get trapped as liquid

phase in rock pores next to the fractures.
RESOURCE TRIANGLE

• The concept is that all natural

resources are distributed log-normally
in nature. If you are prospecting any
resource, you will find that the best or
highest-grade deposits are small in
size and, once found, are easy to
extract (Masters, 1979).
GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS

The important geologic parameters for a trend or

basin are:

• The structural and tectonic regime

• The regional thermal gradients
• The regional pressure gradients
 RESERVOIR CONTINUITY

• The core descriptions can be

correlated with openhole
logging data to determine the
logging signature for various
depositional environments.
Once these correlations are
made, logs from additional
wells can be analyzed to
generate maps of the
depositional patterns in a
specific area.
 REGIONAL TECTONICS

Tectonic activity during deposition can

affect:
• Reservoir continuity
• Morphology
If a reservoir is naturally fractured, it is
possible that a horizontal well or
multilateral wellbores will be more
effective in producing gas than a vertical
well with a hydraulic fracture.
 RESERVOIR CONSIDERATIONS

The best methods for analyzing transient production or pressure

data are:
• Type curves
• Analytical models
• Finite-difference models
(Lee, Holditch, 1981), (Cinco-Ley, Samaniego-V, A.N,1978), (Agarwal,
Carter, Pollock, C.B. 1979)
• Transient flow analyses can be used to estimate values of:
Formation permeability, Skin, Fracture half-length, Fracture
conductivity, Minimum value of drainage area.
DRILLING AND COMPLETION CONSIDERATIONS

• The analyses of gamma ray (GR),

spontaneous potential (SP), porosity, and
resistivity logs to determine accurate
estimates of shale content, porosity, and
water saturation can be difficult.

• The well can be perfectly drilled, cased,

and perforated, but will be uneconomic
until the optimum fracture treatment is
pumped.
FORMATION EVALUATION

The raw data that are used to estimate

values for these important parameters
come from:
• Logs
• Cores
• Well tests
• Drilling records
• Production from offset wells.
CONCLUSIONS

• Van Der Waals forces play a major role in shales´ microfabric, due to these
forces make the particules to take a regular orientation.
• Bio-organic process does not affect shales´ microfabric because the
shales´ depositation took place under anoxic conditions.
• A more brittle formation will provide us with less stress anisotropy and
therefore with better fractures that will conduct more fluid and will be
less prone to be closed or blocked.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Bennett R, O'Brien N, and Hulbert M.(1991). Determinants of Clay

and Shale Microfabric Signatures: Processes and Mechanisms.
Microstructure of Fine-Grained Sediment: From Mud to Shale (pp.
5-33).
• http://www.areaciencias.com/quimica/fuerzas-de-van-der-
waals.html
• Petrowiki – Tight gas reservoirs. De:
www.petrowiki.org/Tight_gas_reservoirs
• Camargo, J. (2008) Perfil de potencial espontaneo. Introducción al
perfilaje de pozos.