Arab traders had been visiting the Indian

subcontinent for centuries, but it was not until

the late 12th century, when Muhammad of
Ghor (1162–1206) conquered most of
northern India, that large numbers of Muslims
entered India for the first time. After
Muhammad of Ghor’s death, one of his
generals, Qutb al-Din Aibak (1150–1210),
declared his independence and proclaimed
himself sultan. His son Iltutmish (r. 1211–
1236) was later confirmed as the sultan of
Delhi by the caliph in Baghdad. For roughly the
next 300 years, the Turkish rulers of the Delhi
Sultanate controlled the northern portion of
India under five different dynasties
The *Qutb Mosque in Mehrauli district, which was at the starting point
of development, was constructed from the components of dismantled
Hindu and Jain temples using Indian traditional methods

The mosques from the Khalji onward, having acquired the techniques of
Islamic architecture, were fundamentally of the arabian type with the
plan of hypostyle oblong hall, but the Khirki Masjid presents a peculiar
plan, having four courtyards like a Charbagh-style garden.

Mosques came to be surmounted symbolically with Persian-style

domes as the main fashion, and it became the definitive form to
arrange three domes continuously on a oblong worship hall, though still
in an unrefined manner, such as with the Moth-ki Masjid from the Lodi
Dynasty.
.’ Among them, the Tughlq Dynasty constructed the third city,
Tughlaqabad, with magnificent stone ramparts, to the east of the
second city, Lal Kot, in which resides the Qutb district. The tomb (1325)
of this dynasty’s sultan, Ghiyas al-Din, is a cubic structure of red
sandstone crowned with a dome of white marble, becoming a model of
later brilliant Mughal mausoleums in spite of its small scale

This is the best represented by

Muhammad Shah’s Tomb (1443/4) and
Sikandar Lodi’s Tomb (1517/8) in Lodi
Gardens. The latter was the first
example with a double-shell dome,
lifting its height in order to get a more
attractive outward appearance, and
arranging its precinct as an orderly
Charbagh (quadripartite garden) by
enclosing it with high walls.
Tomb of Sultan Ghari

The tomb is located in an isolated area, and is an octagonal structure

sunk within a courtyard on a high square plinth, enclosed by stone walls
with circular corner bastions. The octagonal platform set within the
courtyard forms the roof of the subterranean crypt below, an
arrangement not found again in India until the 17th century. The tomb
is built on the site of a Hindu temple and incorporates Hindu masonry,
including lintels and sculpted 7th-century panels.
Storeys
Each storey has a different pattern in plan.
First storey- Alternate wedge shaped and round projections
Second storey- Circular projections
Third storey- Star shaped
Fourth storey- Round
4. QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE

Jami Masjid, later called the Quwwat-ul-Islam (‘Might of Islam’)

Mosque, was the first mosque built in Delhi after Islamic conquest at
the end of the twelfth century. Founded by Qutbuddin Aibak, the
mosque acquired its fi rst set of boundaries over the remnants of
twenty-seven Hindu-Jain temples that were demolished deliberately as
an act of war to establish the power of Ghuri Turk rule in Delhi.
 RISE OF TUGHLAQ’S
• AFTER THE END OF ALA-UD-DIN HIS STATE IS CAPTURED BY KHUSRAU SHAH.BUT
WITHIN EXACTLY FOUR MONTHS AND FOUR DAYS OF HIS INSTALLATION AS RULER, HIS
ARMIES WERE DEFEATED BY GHAZI MALIK, GOVERNOR OF DAPALPUR, NEAR THE CITY
OF MULTAN
• THE TEMPO FOR THE BUILDING ACTIVITY OF TUGHLAQS WAS INITIATED BY GHIAS-UD-
DIN’S DECISION TO BUILT A NEW FORTRESS CITY.

• CAPITAL - DELHI
• LANGUAGE - PERSIAN
• RELIGION - SUNNI ISLAM
• ESTABLISHED - 1320
• DISESTABLISHED-1414
• AREA -3,200,000 KM SQ.
• TODAY PART OF - INDIA, NEPAL,
PAKISTAN, BANGLADESH

TUGHLAQ IN INDIA

FOUNDER

Ghias ud din tughlag was the main founder of tughlag dynasty.

Three rulers who conquered this dynasty were as follow

• GHIAS-UD-DIN-TUGHLAQ (1320-25)
• MOHAMMED SHAH TUGHLAQ (1325-51)
• FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ. (1351-88).
 CHARACTERSTICS

Battering walls

Screen of arches.

Spherical arches

Combination of lintel and arches

Buildings were used to describe Muslim style which nowadays

which is known Islamic style.

KHIRKI MASJID
• IT IS OF QUADRANGULAR SHAPE.
• IT IS THE ONLY MOSQUE IN NORTH INDIA WHICH IS MOSTLY COVERED.
• IT IS SYMMETRICAL ALONG EACH AXIS.
• IT HAS A 52M SQUARE PLAN IN AN AREA OF 87 M SQ.
It is raised on a plinth of 3 m (9.8 ft).

There are four open courtyards

encircled by arcades built with 180 square structural columns and 60 pilasters,
which run in north–south direction and divides into aisles.

The open courtyards are the source of light and ventilation to the internal prayer
spaces.

The roof is partitioned into 25 squares of equal size with 9 small domes in each
square (totaling to 81 domes) and alternated by 12 flat roofs to cover the roof.
The four corners of the mosque are adorned with towers with
three protruding gateways, one in the middle of each face with
tapering turrets flanking each gate.

The southern gate, with imposing steps at the main entrance,

exhibits a combination of arch and trabeated construction.

It has an ornamental rectilinear frame.

The main gate, which leads to the qibla on the western wall,
has a projecting mihrab.
Tomb of firuz shah tughlaq

Square in plan, side- 45ft externally.

It had cemented wall slope, gently each side being relieved by a

projecting surfaces.

They have arched openings.

Above the parapet incised with ornamental merlons rises an

octagonal drum supporting shallow and pointed dome.

The interior of the tomb has a square chamber with squinch arches
in each angle to support the dome.

An arched mihrab is sunk in its western wall.

 TYPES OF TOMB STRUCTURES

• OCTAGONAL TOMB

• SQUARE TOMB
SAYYID DYNASTY (OCTAGONAL TOMB STRUCTURES)

• TOMB OF MUBARAK SHAH SAYYID

• TOMB OF MOHHAMMED SHAH SAYYID

TOMB OF MUBARAK SHAH SAYYID

• Earliest tomb of this

dynasty
• Its an octagonal tomb
• Dimesions- 9m each
octangonal side,23m
wide, 15m high(including
the dome)
• Tomb contains- internal
chamber with a above
dome
• Surrounding corridors
supported on pillars
• Kioks one over each side
of the verandah roof

• The corners are strengthened by sloping buttresses. Its broad low dome rises
from a sixteen-sided battlemented drum with a turret on each corner and is
crowned by a lantern. Over the roof in the middle of each side stands a
chhatri. The ceiling of the dome is ornamented with incised and coloured
bands of plaster, with a triple band of Quranic inscriptions at the springing
of the dome.
 TOMB OF MOHAMMED SHAH SAYYID

• ITS AN ROYAL OCTAGONAL TOMB BUILDING

• CONSISTS OF A CENTRAL CHAMBER SURROUNDED BY VERANDAHS
• CHAMBER MEASURES 7.16M IN SIZE
• PILLARS AT THE ANGLES ARE LARGER THAN OTHER IN SIZE, THEY SLOPED
EXTERNALLY BY MEANS OF AN ATTACHMENT
• 8 KIOSKS ARE PLACES ABOVE VERANDAH ROOF ONE EACH OVER
OCTAGONAL SIDE

It is surrounded by a verandah, with

three openings in each side.

• DIMENSIONS OF THE TOMB ARE

SIMILAR TO THAT OF MUBARAK
SHAH SAYYID TOMB

• BUT THE DRUM OF THE DOME

AND KISOKS ELEVATED
RELATIVELY IMPROVING ITS
PROPORTIONS
• TOMB OF SIKANDAR LODI
• It is an octagonal chamber, surrounded
by verandahs, with each side pierced
by three arches and the angles
occupied by sloping buttresses.
• This tomb was copy of mubarak
shah sayyid tomb
• Kiosks being removed and replaced
by semi-minarets called gulsastas
attached the base.

SQAURE TOMB STRUCTURE

• BADA KHAN KA GUMABD
• CHOTA KHAN KA GUMABD
• SHISH GUMBAD
• BARA GUMABD
 Means the islamic architecture which is erected with both Indian and
Islamic architectural elements.
The use of lime was very limited in india before. For brickwork, mud was
used and stone block were laid dry and secured with each other with
iron clamps. But on the arrival of Muslims in India, the use of lime was
very extensive and was used not only for binding purposes but also as
plaster for making the surface for incised decoration and encaustic
enamel work. The lime mortar, an adhesive medium, was prepared by
mixing, gaj-i-sharin (gympsum, sweet limestone), shurki, shirish(red
glue), urad dal, san (hemp—a plant whose fibers are used for making
ropes). The mixture of the lime mortar gets ready for its use after twenty
one days only and takes longer peroid to set but once its is dried it
becomes harder than a stone and perhaps that is the reasons the
monuments are still surviving.
 Purna-kalasha:- It is a symbol of plenty and creativity. In India Art, it
can be observed at different places like Mathura, Sanchi, Sarnath,
Amaravati, Barhut, etc. Mughals adopted this indian element and
palced it on top of their buildings. This is also found on the base
and top of the columns/nook shafts erected in mughal buildings.
 Star of David :- Six-Pointed star created by a combination of two triangles,
is an ancient Indian tantric symbol which represented power and is very
bimportent fotr performing all religious rituals. It has been decorated at
spandrels of the atrches most of the Islamic buildings e.g. at delhi old
gfort, Humayun’s tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, etc.

 Inverted lotus :- Lotus represents the ‘principal of growth’ and is an ancient

Hindu and Buddhist symbol. It also represented a seat of god because Gods
do not rest on the earth”. During the Mughal period in India, it was used on
the building profusely in inverted as well as blooming from. The blooming
form at lotus is found as the mihrab of Illtumish Tomb and its inverted form
was erected first time in India probably at jamali kamali Mosque and after
that it was used at humayun’s tomb, delhi old fort, Fatehpur sikri, etc. in
red sendstone as well as in white marble.