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What is Statistics?

Statistics: The
science of collecting,
describing, and
interpreting data.

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What are the two types of
Statistics?
Descriptive Statistics
collection, presentation,
and description of
sample data

Inferential Statistics
making decisions and
drawing conclusions
about populations
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Tell whether the following situations will
make use of descriptive statistics or
inferential statistics.
• A teacher computes the average grade of her
students and then determines the top ten
students. • Descriptive
• A manager or a business firm predicts future sales
of the company based on present sales. • Inferential

• A psychologist investigates if there is a significant

relationship between mental age and
chronological age. • Inferential
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Tell whether the following situations will
make use of descriptive statistics or
inferential statistics.
• A researcher studies the effectiveness of a new
fertilizer to increasing food production. • Inferential

• A janitor counts the number of various furniture

inside the school. • Descriptive

• A sports journalist determines the most popular

basketball player for this year. • Inferential

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Tell whether the following situations will
make use of descriptive statistics or
inferential statistics.
• A school administrator forecasts future expansion
of a school • Inferential
• A market vendor investigated the most popular
brand of vinegar • Inferential
• An engineer calculates the average height of the
building along Taft Avenue • Descriptive

• A dermatologist tests the relative effectiveness

of a new brand of medicine in curing pimples
and other skin diseases. • Inferential
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Introduction to Basic
Terms
Population
refers to the totality of individuals or
observations from people, objects, or events
which have common observable characteristics
that fall within the scope of investigation or
from which information is desired to be studied
by a researcher.

Sample
A subset of the population
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Examples
• Population – total number of Grade 7
SRCCMSTHS students SY 2019-2020: 210
students

• Sample – Grade 7 Lily: 34 students

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Introduction to Basic
Terms
Parameter
refers to any numerical value or
measurement describing a
characteristic of a population.

Statistic
refers to any numerical value or
measurement describing a sample.
is also known as estimate.
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Examples
Parameter - The researcher uses the whole
population of Grade 7 SRCCMSTHS to get
the average allowance.

Statistic – The researcher uses the sample

Grade 7 Lily to get the average allowance of
Grade 7 SRCCMSRTHS students.

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Introduction to Basic
Terms
Measurement
is a process of systematic assigning of value to
a variable for the purpose of coming new
information about the objects being measured.

Data
refers to any raw materials which are
facts gathered about the sample or
population under study.
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Introduction to Basic
Terms
Data

(singular) (plural)

The value of the

The set of values
variable associated with collected from each
one element of a of the elements
population or sample. belonging to the
This value may be a population or
number, a word, or a
symbol.
sample.
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Introduction to Basic
Terms
Observations
are records of numerical information on a
variable.

Variables
are characteristics or properties of a
population or sample which can be
measured or classified that makes the
members of the group vary or differ from
one another.
age height weight
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Introduction to Basic
Terms
Experiment
a planned activity in which results
yield a set of data
Element or member
a specific person, object, or event
in a population or sample
Example: YOU as a member of Grade 7 students
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Example: A college dean is interested in
learning about the average age of faculty.
Identify the basic terms in this situation.
• A sample is any subset of that population. For example, we might
select 10 faculty members and determine their age.
• The variable is the “age” of each faculty member.

• One data would be the age of a specific faculty member.

• The data would be the set of values in the sample.

• The experiment would be the method used to select the ages
forming the sample and determining the actual age of each
faculty member in the sample.

• The parameter of interest is the “average” age of all

faculty at the college.

• The statistic is the “average” age for all faculty in

the sample.
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