QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

MICHAEL HOWARD D. MORADA, PH.D.

PROFESSOR
Statistics – is the science of conducting studies to
collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw
conclusions from the data.
 Two Major Functions

 Descriptive Statistics – consists of the collection,

organization, summarization and presentation of
data.

 Inferential Statistics – consists of generalizing

from samples to population, performing estimations
and hypothesis tests, determining relationships
among variables, and making predictions.
 Activity

In each of these cases, tell whether descriptive or

inferential statistics have been used.
1. Allergy therapy makes bees go away.
2. Drinking decaffeinated coffee can raise cholesterol
by 7%.
3. Nine out of ten on the job fatalities are men.
4. The national average annual medicine expenditures
per person is $1,052.
 Basic Terminologies

Population and Sample:

Population – consists of all subjects (human or

otherwise) that are being studied.
Sample – is a subset of a population.

Variable and Data

Variable – is a characteristic or attribute that can assume

different values.
Data – are the values that variables can assume.
 Basic Terminologies

Qualitative and Quantitative

 Qualitative variables – are variables that can be

placed into distinct categories, according to some
characteristic or attribute. Ex: gender, religious
preference
 Quantitative variables - are numerical and can
be ordered or ranked. Ex: age, heights, weights.
 Exercise

Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative:

1. Marital status of faculty members in a large
university.
2. Colors of baseball caps in a store.
3. Weights of fish caught in Lake George.
4. Number of bicycle sold in 1 year by a large sporting
goods store.
 Basic Terminologies

Discrete and Continuous

 Discrete variables – assume values that can be

counted.
 Continuous variables – can assume an infinite
number of values between any two specific values.
They are obtained by measuring. They often include
fractions and decimals.
 Exercise

Classify each variable as discrete or continuous:

1. Number of doughnuts sold each day by Mister
Donut.
2. Water temperatures of six swimming pools.
3. Lifetime (in hours) of 12 flashlight batteries.
4. Number of DVD’s rented each day by a video store.
 Levels of Measurement

 Nominal – classifies data into mutually exclusive, exhausting categories in

which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. (Gender, Religious
Affiliation)

 Ordinal – classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however

precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
(Judging, Rating Scale)

 Interval – ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do

exist; however, there is no meaningful zero. (IQ, Temperature)

 Ratio – possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and

there exist a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable
is measured on two different members of the population. (Weight, Height,
Age, Salary)
 Activity

Classify each level of measurement:

1. Marital status of patients in a physicians office.
2. Ratings of eight local plays. (Poor, Fair, Good,
Excellent)
3. Temperatures inside 10 refrigerators.
4. Salaries of the top 5 CEOs in the US.
Read the following:

A study conducted at Manatee Community College

revealed that students who attended class 95 to 100% of the
time usually received an A in the class. Students who attended
class 80 to 90% of the time usually received a B or C in the class.
Students who attended class less than 80% of the time usually
received a D or an F or eventually withdrew from the class.
Based on this information, attendance and grades are
related. The more you attend class, the more likely you will
receive a higher grade. If you improve your attendance, your
grades will probably improve. Many factors affect your grade in
a course. One factor that you have considerable control over is
attendance. You can increase your opportunities for learning by
attending class more often.
Answer the following:

1. What are the variables under study?

2. What are the data in the study?
3. What is the population under study?
4. Was a sample collected? If so, from where?
5. From the information given, comment on
the relationship between the variables.
 Determining Sample Size

Slovins Formula (Yamane)

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

Where : N = the population size

e = the margin of error
n = the sample size
 Illustrative Examples

1. Find the sample size if the population size is 2,500

at 95% accuracy.

2. A researcher is conducting an investigation

regarding the factors affecting the performance of
2,000 Registered Nurses in the 1st district of
Pangasinan. If the margin of error is 3%, how many
RN should be taken as respondents?
 Sampling Methods

1. Random – subjects are selected by random

numbers.
2. Systematic – subjects are selected by using every
kth number after the first subject is randomly
selected.
3. Stratified – subjects are selected by dividing up
the population into groups(strata), and subjects
within groups are randomly selected.
4. Cluster – subjects are selected by using an intact
group that is representative of the population.
 Illustrative Example

The following table shows the number of Junior high

school students from Loyola High School.

Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10

Male 80 75 65 62
Female 60 55 70 68
Total 140 130 135 130

Determine the sample size at 95% accuracy. Also,

determine the number of respondents needed if
proportional allocation is used.
 METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

Direct
 Interview method . this is a personal communication with the
individual you want to interview
 Questionnaires method. This is done by sending
questionnaires to the person from whom you would like to get
the information.
 Observation. the careful watching and recording of
something, e.g. a natural phenomenon.
 Experiment. This is done by making or conducting scientific
inquiry.

Indirect
 Registration. Utilizing existing records is registration.
Document Analysis
 Measures of Central Tendency

The purpose of central tendency is to determine the

single value that best represents the entire
distribution of scores. The three standard measures
of central tendency are the
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Exercises

Decide which measure of central tendency is appropriate

to use to describe the following data:
1. The monthly income of farmers in Barangay Lipit
Norte.
2. Number of college students in the province of
Pangasinan using social media.
3. Color preferences of DepEd employees for their office
uniform.
4. Food preferences of kindergarten pupils in Dagupan
City.
5. Performance of students in the national exam where
the results are in percentile scores.
Calculating the mean from ungrouped
data.
Population Mean
σ𝑥
𝜇=
𝑁
Where: 𝜇 is the population mean.
x – scores
N – number of measures
Sample Mean
σ𝑥
𝑥෤ =
𝑛
Where: 𝑥෤ is the sample mean.
x – scores
n – number of cases
 Illustrative Example

Last summer five Students were randomly selected

for cholesterol screening. The following are the data
260, 158, 164, 209,210. Find the mean.
Calculating the median from ungrouped data

Example 1. The following are the scores of BSE-2 students in

statistics test : 14, 7, 16, 6, 19, 7, 9
Find the median?
Solution:
19
16
14
9 – Md. = 9
7
7
6
There are 7 scores. The 4th term is the median. Hence, the
median is 4.
Illustrative Example…

The following are the scores of BSBM students from statistics test.
19,11, 14, 17, 8,7,10, 7. Find the median.
Solution: Scores
19
17
14
11
10
8
7
7
There are 8 scores. The median is the 4.5th term. Hence, the median
is 10.5 because it’s the average of the4th and 5th scores.
Illustrative example

Mode:

The following are the scores of 9 students in a spelling

test of 10 items. Find the mode.
10 9 9 7 6
5 3 2 1

Ans: 9
Try this..

Imagine that you received the following data on the vocabulary

test of a group of students:
22 23 23 23
23 23 24 25
29 30 30 30
30 30 31 32
33 33 34 35
36 36 37 37
Compute the mean, median, and mode of the data and decide
which of the three you believe to be best for the central
tendency of the data.
 Mean of the Grouped Data

σ 𝑓𝑚
𝑥෤ =
𝑛
Where:
f is the frequency
m is the midpoint
n is the number of cases
Solve for the mean…
Solution:

σ 𝑓𝑚 1,226
𝑥ҧ = = = 24.52
𝑛 50
 Calculating the Median from Grouped Data

𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓 <
𝑚𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿 + 2 𝑖
𝑓
where:
𝐿𝐿 is the exact lower limit of the median class
n is the number of observations
𝑐𝑓 < is the cumulative frequency of the class
directly below it
f is the frequency
i is the interval size
Solve for the median…
Solution

25 − 13
𝑴𝒅 = 20.5 + 3 = 23.07
14
Mode for grouped data

𝑑1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑖
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Where:
LL is the exact lower limit of the modal class.
𝑑1 - frequency of the modal class minus
frequency of the class directly below it.
𝑑2 - frequency of the modal class minus
frequency of the class directly above it.
i – is the interval size.
Solve for the mode..
Solution:

6
𝑀𝑜 = 20.5 + 3 = 21.7
6+9
Try this…

Find the mean, median and mode:

Scores (x) frequency
35 – 39 3
30 – 34 5
25 – 29 8
20 – 24 10
15 – 19 4
10 – 14 2
5–9 2
Try this…

The following are the scores of two groups of

students in a Mathematics test..
Group A Group B
11 20
8 10
10 1
9 8
8 0
12 30
10 13
11 6
What can you say about the scores of the two
groups?