CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION
ADAPTATION
A process by which
strategies to moderate, cope
with and take advantage of
consequences of climate
events are enhance,
developed, and implemented.
1. “PLANNED” (OR POLICY)
ADAPTATION UNDERTAKEN BY
GOVERNMENT

2. “ AUTONOMOUS” (OR
PRIVATE) ADAPTATION
UNDERTAKEN DIRECTLY BY
HOUSEHOLD.
•If authomous adaptation increase the
marginal benefits of planned
adaptation and vice versa they are
considered complements.
•If autonomous adaptation reduces
.
the need for planned adaptation
and vice versa they are substitutes.
Arun Agraval
Arun Agraval
Arun Agraval
and
Nicholas Perrin
Arun Agraval
and
Nicholas Perrin
 Four Classes of Adaptation
•Mobility-Avoid risk across space.
•Storage - Reduces risk experienced over
time.
•Diversification- Reduces risk across assets
owned by household owned collectives.
•Communal pooling- Involves ownership of
asset are resources.
•Exchange- Substitute for any of four classes
of adaptation strategies.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL
PUBLIC HEALTH
AGENCIES
 NATIONAL AND LOCAL
PUBLIC HEALTH
AGENCIES
– Can respond with citizen awareness
campaigns to build knowledge of how
to adapt as well as emergency health
infrastructure.
Examples of Policy
Adaptation
Inventorying and trucking
ecological resources of the
poor, addressing environmental
deprivations
Inventorying and trucking
ecological resources of the
poor, addressing environmental
deprivations
Inventorying and trucking
ecological resources of the
poor, addressing environmental
deprivations

Implementation early warning

systems to anticipate
environmental emergencies
and to prevent disasters.
Inventorying and trucking
ecological resources of the
poor, addressing environmental
deprivations

Implementation early warning

systems to anticipate
environmental emergencies
and to prevent disasters.

Restoring & Expanding natural

ecosystem barriers to extreme
events such as flooding & water
shortage
Inventorying and trucking
ecological resources of the
poor, addressing environmental
deprivations

Implementation early warning

systems to anticipate
environmental emergencies
and to prevent disasters.

Restoring & Expanding natural

ecosystem barriers to extreme
events such as flooding & water
shortage
Inventorying and trucking
ecological resources of the
poor, addressing environmental
deprivations

Implementation early warning

systems to anticipate
environmental emergencies
and to prevent disasters.

Restoring & Expanding natural

ecosystem barriers to extreme
events such as flooding & water
shortage
Constructing infrastructure to
serve the poor.
Constructing infrastructure to
serve the poor.
Constructing infrastructure to
serve the poor.

Ensuring better voice and

empowerment of the poor their
organization
Constructing infrastructure to
serve the poor.

Ensuring better voice and

empowerment of the poor their
organization
Constructing infrastructure to
serve the poor.

Ensuring better voice and

empowerment of the poor their
organization

Demanding more government

transparency and accountability
 Autonomous adaptation to climate change by
farmer in Africa in Siri Eriksen, Karen O’ Brien
and Lynn Rosentrater
 Autonomous adaptation to climate change by
farmer in Africa in Siri Eriksen, Karen O’ Brien
and Lynn Rosentrater

Siri Eriksen
 Autonomous adaptation to climate change by
farmer in Africa in Siri Eriksen, Karen O’ Brien
and Lynn Rosentrater

Siri Eriksen Karen O’

Brien
 Autonomous adaptation to climate change by
farmer in Africa in Siri Eriksen, Karen O’ Brien
and Lynn Rosentrater

Siri Eriksen Karen O’

Brien
 Autonomous adaptation to climate change by
farmer in Africa in Siri Eriksen, Karen O’ Brien
and Lynn Rosentrater

Siri Eriksen Karen O’ Lynn

Brien Rosentrater
 Autonomous adaptation to climate change by
farmer in Africa in Siri Eriksen, Karen O’ Brien
and Lynn Rosentrater

Siri Eriksen Karen O’ Lynn

Brien Rosentrater
 1. Livelihood Diversification
Cultivate crops, collect fire woods, engage in trade
and practice temporary migration.

2. Livestock herding
An adaptation to be frequent droughts in Namibia and
Batswana

3. Ecological Diversification
Change in farming practices by planting resistant
varieties, switching to mute livestock and less crop
and building.
Economic Model of
Environments
 Economic Model of
Environments
•Privately owned resources
 Economic Model of
Environments
•Privately owned resources

•It is use to review some common

economic models of the
environment
Neo Classical
Theory
 Neo Classical
Theory
Applied to environmental issues to
determine condition that are
necessary for the efficient
allocation of resources
Total net benefit
 Total net benefit
Sum of benefits to all consumer
 Total net benefit
Sum of benefits to all consumer

Marginal Cost
 Total net benefit
Sum of benefits to all consumer

Marginal Cost
Addition to total cost incurved by the
producers as result of increasing output by
one more unit
Producer Surplus
 Producer Surplus
Excess of what a producer of what a producer of good
receives and the minimum amount of the products
would be willing to accept because of positive marginal
cost
 Producer Surplus
Excess of what a producer of what a producer of good
receives and the minimum amount of the products
would be willing to accept because of positive marginal
cost

Consumer Surplus
 Producer Surplus
Excess of what a producer of what a producer of good
receives and the minimum amount of the products
would be willing to accept because of positive sloping
marginal cost.

Consumer Surplus
Excess utility price derived by consume because of
negative sloping demand
Scarcity Rent
 Scarcity Rent
Premium or additional rent charge for the use
of a resource or good that is in fixed or limited
supply.
=
Present value- discounted value at the present time
of a sum of money to be received
= in the future.

Marginal net benefit- The benefit derived from

the last unit of good minus it’s cost.

Property Rights- Acknowledge right to use and

benefit form tangible or Intangible entity that may
include owning, income from selling and
disposing.
4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner

2. Exclusivity or excludability-
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner

2. Exclusivity or excludability- It must be possible to

prevent others from benefiting from privately owned
resource.
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner.

2. Exclusivity or excludability- It must be possible to

prevent others from benefiting from privately owned
resource.
3. Transferability
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner.

2. Exclusivity or excludability- It must be possible to

prevent others from benefiting from privately owned
resource.
3. Transferability- Owner of a resource may sell the
resource when desired
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner.

2. Exclusivity or excludability- It must be possible to

prevent others from benefiting from privately owned
resource.
3. Transferability- Owner of a resource may sell the
resource when desired.
4. Enforceability
 4 Conditions to Characterized
=
property rights markets
1. Universities- All resources are privately owner.

2. Exclusivity or excludability- It must be possible to

prevent others from benefiting from privately owned
resource.
3. Transferability- Owner of a resource may sell the
resource when desired.
4. Enforceability- Intended market distribution of benefits
from resources must be enforceable.
Common property resource
Figure 8:4
 Common property resource
Figure 8:4
A resource describes the relationship between the value per unit
of labour on a given price of land and number of labourers cultivate it.

Externality- Any benefits or cost borne by an individual economy unit,

direct consequence of another’s behaviour.

Internalization- process whereby external environment or other costs

are borne by the producers and consumers

Public Good- An entity that provide benefits to all individuals

simultaneously.

Public Bad- entity imposes cost on groups on individuals

simultaneously.