Aplikasi dan Penyakit pada

Sistem Pernapasan
Rakha Pradipa Bhagaskara (16118018)
Dinda Nabila Aini (16118042)
Anisah Nurul Faiqoh (16118057)
Zalfa Humaira (16118072)
Diphtheria;
an infection caused by the bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria is an acute infection of Corynebacterium diphtheria which symptoms are
caused by the toxins produced by the bacteria. The disease was first discovered in
the 5th century and its causative bacteria was successfully isolated in 1883.
Diphtheria has been successfully eliminated since the development of diphtheria,
pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccine, but is still endemic in developing countries such
as Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines and African country
Signs and symptoms
fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or above
difficulty breathing
Chills
painful swallowing
Fatigue
Swollen lymph node
thick gray coating build up from dead tissues in the
throat called “pseudomembrane.”
Transmission
typically occurs through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes
Contact with any lesions on the skin (uncommon)
If an infected individual touches a surface or object, the bacteria can be left behind
and remain viable
Some people carry the bacteria without having symptoms, but can still spread the
disease to others
Diphtheria Toxin Mechanism
 Treatment
Tracheotomy (for patients whose lymph nodes in the neck swelled, and difficulty in
breathing and swallowing)
diphtheria antitoxin (consisting of antibodies isolated from the serum of horses
that have been challenged with diphtheria toxin)
Antibiotics (used in patients or carriers to eradicate C. diphtheriae and prevent its
transmission to others)
 Severe Cases of Diphtheria
In cases that progress beyond a throat infection, diphtheria toxin spreads through
the blood and can lead to potentially life-threatening complications that affect other
organs, such as the heart and kidneys.
About 40% to 50% of those left untreated can die
Pertusis
 PERTUSSIS
W H O O P I N G C O U G H

Cough is both a reflex (from any

organ supplied by the vagus
nerve) anf a conscious act.

Pertussis is an acute mucosal

infection of the respiratory tract.
 Bordetella pertussis
These bacteria attach to
the cilia, line part of the
upper respiratory system.
The bacteria release
toxins, which damage the
cilia and cause airways to
swell..

Causes
 Transmission

Pertussis is a very contagious

disease only found in humans.
Pertussis spreads from person to
person.
 Diagnosis
• History of typical signs
and symptoms
• Laboratory test which
involves taking a sample
of mucus from the back of
the throat through the
nose
• Blood test
 Signs and Symptomps

1-6 weeks
• Paroxysms, rapid coughs
followed by a high-pitched
“whoop” sound
• Vomiting during or after
coughing fits
• Exhaustion after coughing fits
1-2 weeks
• Runny nose
2-3 weeks
• Low-grade fever (generally
minimal throughout the
course of the disease)
• Mild, occasional cough The cough becomes milder
• Apnea – a pause in breathing
and less common
(in babies)

Later-stage Symptoms Early Symptoms Recovery

Treatment

Antibiotics
Mechanism of Erythromycin
 DPT
VACCINE
• Vaccine can provide
protection against the 3
deadly diseases - diphtheria,
pertussis and tetanus and
prevent the child from
contracting these diseases.
• The vaccine is given in the
form of shots in the arm. 0.5
ml of inactivated/killed
vaccine is given in the arm of
DISEASE PREVENTION
the child.
 Side Effect
• The DTaP vaccine is a preventive medicine and like any
other medicine, it has some problems associated with it

• Fever • Tiredness or the child • Non-stop crying for hours

• Swelling or redness at may not want to eat • High fever up to 105°F
the site where the • Some children may
injection is given become fussy after being
• Soreness or tenderness vaccinated
where the injection is • Some may complain of
given vomiting

Other Common
Minor Effect Mild Effect
Effect
 References

• Breeching, Nick and Geof Gill. Tropical Medicine. UK: Wiley.

• Jurnal medis UII
• Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Imunisasi
efektif cegah difteri [Internet]. 2017. Available from:
http://www.depkes.go.id