INTRODUCTION

BRITISH STANDARD (BS8002)

• This Code of Practice (COP) provides guidelines and
recommendations for the application of Earth Retaining Structures

• This COP adopts the philosophy of limit state design to the design of
Earth Retaining Structures.

• The two state limits considered in the analysis are the ULTIMATE
LIMIT STATE and the SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE.

• For analysing a concrete block retaining structure, only ultimate limit

state is applicable
 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

The following ultimate limit states should be

considered. Failure of a retaining wall as a result of:

• Instability of the earth mass, e.g. a slip failure, overturning

• A translational failure where the disturbing forces exceed the
restoring forces
• A bearing failure
TYPICAL ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
 PARTIAL FACTORS
• Limit state design for reinforced soil employs four principal partial
factors all of which assume prescribed numerical values of unity or
greater.
• Two of these are load factors 𝑓𝑓 (and 𝑓𝑓𝑠 ) applied to dead loads and 𝑓𝑞
applied to live loads.
• The principal materials factor is 𝑓𝑚 (and 𝑓𝑚𝑠 ).
• The fourth factor 𝑓𝑛 is used to take account of the economic
ramifications of failure, this factor is employed, in addition to the
materials factor, to produce a reduced design strength
 BS8002 DESIGN STEPS
CHECK:

i. Overturning
ii. Sliding
iii. Bearing Capacity
OVERTURTING
SLIDING
BEARING CAPACITY
EUROCODE 7
Eurocode 7 is based on the limit state design method set out in EN
1990 - Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design.
• For each geotechnical design situation, the possible ultimate limit
states (ULSs) and serviceability limit states (SLSs) shall be identified,
and it shall be verified that no relevant limit state is exceeded.
There are a total of five ultimate limit states identified in
Eurocode 7
• For analysis of Earth Retaining Structures, Geotechnical (GEO) limit
state is applicable.
• In addition, static equilibrium (EQU) limit state is also used to check
for overturning failure.
Partial Factors for EQU Limit State
 Partial Factors for GEO Limit State
Three design approaches are made available for verification of GEO
limit state. The design approach for use in a country can be found in its
National Annex to Eurocode 7.
 Design Approach 1
Combination 1: A1 “+” M1 “+” R1
Combination 2: A2 “+” M2 “+” R1

Where A denotes the actions or effects of actions, M the soil

parameters, R the Resistances

In Combination 1, partial factors are applied to actions while ground strength

parameters and ground resistances are not factored. In Combination 2, partial factors
are applied to ground strength parameters and variable actions while permanent actions
and ground resistances are not factored.
 Design Approach 2

Combination: A1 “+” M1 “+” R2

In this approach, partial factors are applied to actions and ground

resistance while ground strength parameters are not factored.
 Design Approach 3

Combination: A2 “+” M2 “+” R3

In this approach, partial factors are applied to ground strength

parameters and variable actions while permanent actions and ground
resistances are not factored, making it the same as DA 1, Combination
2.
Partial factors for GEO limit state
 EUROCODE 7 DESIGN STEPS
CHECK:

i. Overturning
ii. Sliding
iii. Bearing Capacity
OVERTURNING
SLIDING
BEARING CAPACITY
APPLICATION

• Assuming dry conditions

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Results from conventional unfactored analysis, BS8002 code and
Eurocode 7 were compared,
• ADD EXCEL SPREADSHEET
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• ADD INFO