Development of shell theory

•Early 1900 in Germany (Cylindrical without know-how)

•Finsterwalder & Dischinger •Schorer

•Special properties of concrete (1950)

•Strength through geometry than mass

•Can be economical ,provided construction in large numbers

•Assumption: Homogeneous, Isotropic, Concrete cracked and

steel to provide for direct & diagonal tension.
 •Higher order math's:

1. Solution to 8th order

2. Properties of complex Number,

3. Iterative solution to 8th order.

4. Fourier series

5. Vector

6. Elements of matrix algebra

7. Curves

8. Differentiation geometry.
 • Utility & selection
• Importance of analysis & neglected the design & construction aspects.
• Secondary effects (temperature, shrinkages)

Classification
Ruled surface : Surface formed by the motion of straight line (generator)
Ruled surface

Singly ruled Doubly ruled

(at every point one straight line) (Two straight lines)
Conical, cylindrical Hyper, Hyperboloids
•Shell of revolution – Geometrical shape is generated when a plane curve is rotated
about the axis of symmetry. (Domes)
•Shell of translation :
Generated by motion of plane curve parallel to itelf or another curve (they may be
inclined / Rotated angle)
 • Classification as per IS:2210-1962

On the basis of gauss curvature

Gauss Curvature Product of two
curvature at a point
1/R1 * 1/R2
 Stresses skin surfaces

shells

Singly curved, Doubly curved,

developable nondevelopable

Gauss curvature Synclastic, Gauss Anticlastic, gauss

zero, membrane curvature positive, curvature negative,
equation parabolic membrane equation membrane equation
elliptic hyperbolic

Shells of Shells of Ruled Shells of Shells of Shells of Shells of Ruled

revolution translation surfaces revolution translation revolution translation surfaces

Hyperbolic Hyperboloid
Cylindrical Conical and Circular Elliptic Hyperboloid
Conical shells paraboloids s of
shell, including cylindrical dames, paraboloids, s of
revolution of
north light and shells paraboloids, circular revolution of
one sheet,
shells ellipsoids of parabolids one sheet
hyperbolic
evolution, paraboloids,
etc. conoids
 Conical shell Geometry

Straight Line generator

Dirctrix
traverses

• Cylindrical shell : - surface obtained by moving a straight line or curve

• Curve :- Directrix (Arc, circle, parabolic) rigid
• Straight line :- Generator
• Traverse :- Rigid in own plane, flexible in other
• Effective span
• Chord width Load normal to plane
• Load g/m2 flexible

Self weight ‘g’

Snow Load
 MEMBRANE THEORY
•By virtue of geometry and not mass
•As thin as possible
Ideal membrane state (small thickness, closed pipe)
Deviation , used as particular Integral, Noozhilov

d/R <= 1/20 thickness/ Radius of curvature

Equation of Equilibrium
1. Let z = z(y) is the plane curve forming directrix

2. O be origin at apex

3. x is measured along the crown generator

4. Y along directrix
 l/2 l/2

z dx
x
y Rdθ

x


 x xdx

  Rd
Rd

 x dx
  Rd
 x


 x xdx

  Rd
Rd

 x dx
  Rd
 5. Z along inward normal

6. R – Radius @ selected point

7. Ro – Radius @ crown.

8.  is measured from crown to reference point

9. x, y, z are load components per unit area

1 Sum in X direction

 N x   1  Nx  
 dx  R.d   .R.d  dx  X (dx.R.d )  0
 x   R  

Divide it by dx.R.d

N x 1 Nx 
  X  0    (1)
x R 

Equation in Y direction

 1   N    N x 
 R  . R.d  dx   dx  R.d  Y (dx.R.d )  0
   x 

Divide it by dx.R.d
1  N  N x
  Y  0    (2)
R  x

Summing normal inward direction

Summing normal inward direction

N .dx

90
90-d/2
 1 N  90 d/2
 N  R.d dx
 R  

d
2 N dx  ZRd .dx  0
2

 d 
2.N .dx cos 90 
N  ZR  0    3  2


d
 2.N .dx sin
2
d
 2.N .dx
2
Consider II equation
1  N  N x
1 N

N x
Y  0   Y  0    (2)
R  x R  x
N x  1 N 
  Y 
x  R  
1 N
N x    dx   ydx  F1 ( )    ( A)
R 

From Equation III N  ZR    (C1)

N x 1 Nx 
From Equation No. 1
  X  0    (1)
x R 
N x 1 N x
 X 0
x R 
N x  1 N x 
  X
x  R  
1 N x
N x   dx   Xdx  F2 ( )    ( B )
R 
Where F1() & F2() are constant of integration to
be evaluated
Now in most of cases x, y, z are the
functions of  & do not vary along the x
direction then Equation A can be written as

1 N
N x    dx   ydx  F1 ( )    ( A)
R 
 From

1 N
N x    dx   ydx  F1 ( )    ( A)
R 

 1 dN 
N x    Y  x  F1 ( )
 R d 
 1 dN 
Put  Y   k
 R d 
N x  kx  F1      ( A1)
 Consider equation B 1 N x
N x   dx   Xdx  F2 ( )
R 

N x  kx  F1  
Put value of Nx from A1

1  kx 1 F1  

N x   dx   dx   Xdx  F2 ( )
R  R 

1 x 2 dk 1 d F1  
  .x  Xx  F2 ( )
R 2 d R d
x 2 dk 1 d F1  
  .x  Xx  F2 ( )    ( B1)
2 R d R d

Finally we have
Now stresses in simply supported shell

We have three equation Now

N   ZR    (C1)
N x  kx  F1      ( A1)
x 2 dk 1 d F1  
Nx   .x  Xx  F2 ( )    B1
2 R d R d
Get value of F1() & F2() from boundary condition

Boundary conditions

Nx  0 @ x   l/2 (Traverse condition)

Nx = 0 @ x = 0 (Because of symmetry)

Now by making use of II condition consider A1

Nx = -kx + F1()
0 = 0 + F1()
 F1() = 0

Put the value of F1() & X in B1 and Nx from condition (1)

 1 x 2 dk 1 d F1  
Nx   .dx  Xx  F2 ( )
R 2 d R d
2
l 
 
1 2 dk
0  0  0  F2 ( )
R 2 d
l 2 dk
F2 ( )  
8 R d

Now putting the values in B1


1 l 2
2  1 dk
Nx     x 
24  R d
So finally we have
 1 dN 
k  y
 R d 
When

N   ZR    1
N x  kx    2
1 l 2 2  1 dk
Nx     x  3
24  R d
 Observe the equation

All stress resultants are function of R,

Now we must know the relationship
between R &  in order to know N,
Nx, Nx
 For self weight ‘g’ per unit area
N  ZR    1
g X= 0
Y = g sin Y = g sin
Z = g cos Z = g cos
g
From this we can calculated K
N   ZR    1
Now - ZR  - g.cos  .R
 - gRcos   1 dN 
k  y
 R d 
1 d - gRcos  
K  gsin  since R is also tan of  
R d
g  dR 
   cos   R(sin  )   gsin 
R  d 
 g dR g
 cos   .R (sin  )  gsin 
R d R
g dR
finally K  2gsin  - cos 
R d
 Snow Load
Po


P
How to convert ?
Step 1 convert P is point where tangent is marked.
Tangent is making angle  with horizontal
Convert this in horizontal p load to surface load
Po cos as
surface load

Po cos sin Po cos cos =Po cos2

Po cos

x=0
Y = Po cos sin
Z = Po cos2
Find value of K for snow load
 1 dR
finally K  3Posin  cos  - Po cos  cos 
R d