Chaper-3

Materials Property Charts

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FIGURE 3.1: A bar-chart showing modulus for families of solid. Each bar shows the range of modulus offered by a
material, some of which are labelled.

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FIGURE 3.2: The idea of a Materials Property Chart: Young’s modulus, E, is plotted against the density, ρ, on log
scales. Each material class occupies a characteristic field. The contours show the longitudinal elastic
wave speed v 5ðE =ρÞ1=2.

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FIGURE 3.3: Young’s modulus, E, plotted against density, ρ. The heavy envelopes enclose data for a given class
of material. The diagonal contours show the longitudinal wave velocity. The guidelines of constant E =ρ,
E 1=2=ρ and E 1=3=ρ allow selection of materials for minimum weight, deflection-limited, design.

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FIGURE 3.4: Strength, σf , plotted against density, ρ (yield strength for metals and polymers, compressive strength
for ceramics, tear strength for elastomers and tensile strength for composites). The guidelines of
constant σf =ρ, σ2=3 f =ρ and σ1=2 f =ρ are used in minimum weight, yield-limited, design.

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FIGURE 3.5: Young’s modulus, E, plotted against strength σf . The design guidelines help with the selection of
materials for springs, pivots, knife-edges, diaphragms and hinges; their use is described in Chapter 4,
Materials Selection the Basics and Chapter 5, Materials Selection Case Studies.Young’s modulus, E, plotted
against strength σf . The design guidelines help with the selection of materials for springs, pivots, knife-edges,
diaphragms and hinges; their use is described in Chapter 4, Materials Selection the Basics and Chapter 5,
Materials Selection Case Studies.

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FIGURE 3.6: Specific modulus, E =ρ plotted against specific strength σf =ρ. The design guidelines help with the
selection of materials for light-weight springs and energy-storage systems.

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FIGURE 3.7: Fracture toughness, K1c , plotted against Young’s modulus, E. The family of lines are of constant K 2
1c=E (approximately G1c , the fracture energy or toughness). These, and the guideline of constant K1c=E , help
in design against fracture. The shaded triangle shows the lower limit for K1c .

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FIGURE 3.8: Fracture toughness, K1c , plotted against strength, σf . The contours show the value of K 2
1c=π σ2f roughly, the diameter dy of the process zone at a crack tip. The design guidelines are used in selecting
materials for damage tolerant design.

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FIGURE 3.9: The loss coefficient, η, plotted against Young’s modulus, E. The guideline corresponds to the
condition η5CE .

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FIGURE 3.10: Thermal conductivity, λ, plotted against electrical resistivity, ρe . For metals the two are related.

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FIGURE 3.11: Thermal conductivity, λ, plotted against thermal diffusivity, a. The contours show the volume specific
heat, ρCp . All three properties vary with temperature; the data here are for room temperature.

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FIGURE 3.12: The linear expansion coefficient, α, plotted against the thermal conductivity, λ. The contours show
the thermal distortion parameter λ=α. An extra material, the nickel alloy Invar, has been added to the chart;
it is noted for its exceptionally low expansion at and near room temperature, useful in designing
precision equipment that must not distort if the temperature changes.

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FIGURE 3.13: The linear expansion coefficient, α, plotted against Young’s modulus, E. The contours show the
thermal stress created by a temperature change of 1C if the sample is axially constrained. A correction factor C
is applied for biaxial or triaxial constraint (see text).

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FIGURE 3.14: The maximum service temperature the temperature above which materials become unusable.

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FIGURE 3.15: A plot showing the dielectric constant and strength of common materials. The ferroelectric ceramics
have the highest energy density, shown as dashed lines.

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FIGURE 3.16: The piezoelectric constants d33 and g33 introduced in Chapter 2, Engineering Materials and Their
Properties. The piezoelectric conversion efficiency d33 g33 is shown as dashed lines.

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FIGURE 3.17: The thermal conductivity λ and the dielectric loss factor εr tan δ.

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FIGURE 3.18: A chart of remanent induction and coercive field for common magnetic materials. There is a clear
distinction between soft magnetic materials on the left and hard magnetic materials on the right.

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FIGURE 3.19: Saturation magnetostriction and coercive force for soft magnetic materials.

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FIGURE 3.20: The embodied energies of materials per unit mass.

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FIGURE 3.21: The embodied energy of materials per unit volume.

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FIGURE 3.22: A selection chart for stiffness with minimum embodied energy.

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FIGURE 3.23: A selection chart for strength with minimum embodied energy.

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FIGURE 3.24: The approximate price/kg of materials. Commodity materials cost about $1/kg; special materials
cost much more. All cost measured in 2016 USD.

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FIGURE 3.25: The approximate price/m3 of materials. Polymers, because they have low densities, cost less per
unit volume than most other materials.

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FIGURE 3.26: Young’s modulus, E, plotted against relative cost per unit volume, Cv ;R The design guidelines help
selection to maximize stiffness per unit cost.

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FIGURE 3.27: Strength, σf , plotted against relative cost per unit volume, Cv ;R . The design guidelines help
selection to maximize strength per unit cost.

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