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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8 (2020) 414–420

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Creep behavior of AJ62 Magnesium–Aluminum–Strontium alloy
F. Dobeš∗, P. Dymáček
CEITEC IPM, Institute of Physics of Materials CAS, Žižkova 22, 616 62 Brno, Czech Republic
Received 17 April 2019; received in revised form 30 January 2020; accepted 30 March 2020
Available online 6 May 2020

Abstract
Creep tests were conducted in uniaxial compression to evaluate the creep behavior of magnesium–aluminum–strontium alloy at temperatures
from 373 to 673 K. Stress dependencies of the creep rate over the whole interval of temperatures and stresses can be well described
phenomenologically by the Garofalo sine hyperbolic equation modified by the inclusion of a threshold stress. The threshold stress increases
with decreasing temperature. Creep data normalized by a diffusion coefficient and shear modulus clearly reveal the existence of two different
regions. Possible mechanisms by which plastic deformation takes place have been identified in both regions. The critical stress at which
dislocations break away from the cloud of foreign atoms agrees well with the value determined by data normalization. At low stresses, a
value of the stress exponent of n∼ =3 is consistent with the model of deformation that takes place through dislocation glide controlled by
dragging of solute atoms. At high stresses, the multiple regression yields the activation energy which agrees with that for prismatic glide.
© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chongqing University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer review under responsibility of Chongqing University

Keywords: Dislocations; Diffusion; Mechanical properties; Creep.

1. Introduction
Magnesium-based alloys have been extensively developed
for use as structural materials in the automotive, aircraft and
aerospace industries [1–3]. Automotive powertrain compo-
nents (e.g., transmission cases and engine blocks) require ma-
terials that are resistant to the creep deformation that occurs
as a result of long-term exposure to loading at elevated tem-
peratures. To meet this requirement, it is necessary to care-
fully select alloy compositions that have acceptable mechan-
ical properties and conform to high-productivity operations
(i.e. die casting). Prospective creep-resistant alloys are based
on ternary additions of Si, rare earth elements, Ca and Sr
to Mg-Al binary alloys [4–8]. Several creep-resistant alloys
based on Sr additions to the Mg-Al system were developed
by Pekguleryuz et al. at the beginning of new millennium
[9–12].
The available creep investigations of these alloys are de-
scribed in detail in the review paper by Pekguleryuz and Ce-
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dobes@ipm.cz (F. Dobeš).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.03.001
2213-9567/© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chongqing University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of Chongqing University
likin [13]. The elevated temperature creep of the alloys has
received considerable attention, but the reported experimen-
tal data focused mainly on a limited temperature range 423–
473 K [10,11,14–16] with sporadic excursions to lower (408 K
[17], 398 K [18,19]) or higher temperatures (523 K [20]). To
understand the creep mechanisms, this work aims to carry
out an experimental investigation using a broader range of
temperatures and stresses.
2. Experimental procedure
The AJ62 magnesium alloy (nominal compositions in
wt.%: 6Al–2Sr–balance Mg) used in this study was prepared
by the squeeze-casting technique. Chemical analysis was per-
formed using glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Fig. 1 shows an
optical micrograph of the as cast alloy. The primary solidified
Mg dendrites are surrounded by interdendritic ternary phase.
Its chemical composition corresponds to Mg9 Al3 Sr. The re-
sults of constant strain-rate testing of the same experimental
heat can be found in previous paper [21].
 F. Dobeš and P. Dymáček / Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8 (2020) 414–420
Fig. 1. Light optical microscope image of microstructure of the as-received
alloy AJ62.
The creep tests were performed in uniaxial compression
on samples with a gauge length of 12 mm and a diameter of
6 mm. The compression testing allows studying creep defor-
mation not affected by the onset of fracture processes. On
the other hand, this mode of testing does not make it pos-
sible to study superplasticity or fracture-related phenomena
[22,23]. The test arrangement, which uses specific compres-
sion cage (reversible grips), also does not allow rapid cooling
of the specimen under stress. Effective observation of the mi-
crostructure after creep is, therefore, limited. The tests were
performed under a constant load in a protective atmosphere
of dry purified argon at temperatures ranging from 373 to
673 K. The test temperature was held constant within ± 1 K
for each individual test. Changes in specimen length were
measured using a linear variable displacement transducer. The
samples were subjected to stepwise loading, where the load
was changed after the steady-state creep rate was established
for a given load.
Examples of the time dependence of true compressive
strain [24],
ε = − ln (l/l0 ),
where l and l0 are the instantaneous specimen height and the
initial specimen height, respectively, are given in Fig. 2. The
terminal values of the true stress [24],
Fi l
σi = , (2)
S0 l0
where Fi is the force applied in the ith step and S0 is the initial
cross-section area, and of the creep rate (i.e., true compressive
strain rate)
ε˙i = dεi /dt = −(1/l )∗dl /dt ,
were evaluated for each step. The tests were conducted until
the strain reached a value of ε = 0.15. The stress dependence
of the creep rate ε˙ at a single temperature was usually ob-
tained from two or more tests. The results of the described
stepwise procedure were verified in several cases by a com-
parison with results obtained from a conventional single-stress
415
Fig. 2. Example of creep curve at 623 K. Note a compressed time axis on
the right-hand side of the figure.
compressive test. Differences in the creep rates obtained by
means of both techniques were negligible in all cases.
3. Results
The stress dependencies of the creep rate ε˙ at tempera-
tures used in the experiments are shown in Fig. 3 in double
logarithmic coordinates. Analysis of these dependencies in a
broad temperature interval showed that they can be well de-
scribed by the sine hyperbolic equation [25] modified by the
inclusion (addition) of a threshold stress, σ th ,
ε˙ = A(sinh [B (σ − σth )] )n (4)
where A, B and n are stress-independent parameters. Optimal
values of these parameters and of the threshold stress were
found by nonlinear regression with the criterion of the least
squares of relative deviations.
The value of the stress exponent n is close to 3 and the in-
(1) teger value n = 3 is used for the computation of the regression
curves drawn in the Fig. 3. The computed values of param-
eters A and B and of the threshold stress σ th are given in
Figs. 4, 5 and 6 as a function of temperature (reciprocal tem-
perature, respectively). Parameter A increases with increasing
temperature. The Arrhenius type of dependence can be for-
mally applied for this parameter (cf. Fig. 4)
 
Q
A ≈ exp − , (5)
RT
where R is the universal gas constant (R = 8.314 J/mole) and
(3)
T is the absolute temperature in K. The activation energy Q
is equal to 41 kJ/mole at low temperatures (T ≤ 523K) and
330 kJ/mole at high temperatures (T ≥ 523K). Parameter B
ranges from 0.01 to 0.06 MPa and is likely only slightly de-
pendent on temperature (Fig. 5). The threshold stress σ th de-
creases with increasing temperature (Fig. 6). To demonstrate
that its temperature dependence is stronger than that of the
416 F. Dobeš and P. Dymáček / Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8 (2020) 414–420
Fig. 3. Dependence of the creep rate on applied stress at different temperatures.
Fig. 4. Dependence of parameter A on reciprocal temperature.
shear modulus G, the threshold stress is normalized to the
shear modulus. The values of the threshold stress are of the
same order as those observed previously in a Mg-4Al-1Ca
(AX41) alloy but substantially less than that in the magne-
sium alloys strengthened by Saffil fibres [26,27]. They are
also close to the value of 30 MPa reported for the AJ62 alloy
at 423 K determined by a different technique [19].
4. Discussion
In Fig. 7, the creep rates normalized by DGb/(kT), where
D is the lattice diffusion coefficient, G is the shear mod-
ulus, b is the length of the Burgers vector and k is the
Boltzmann constant, are plotted against the applied stresses
σ normalized by the shear modulus G. For normalization, the
values of material constants for pure magnesium were used
Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of the parameter B.
[28]: D = 0.0001 · exp [ − 135000/(RT)] m2 s−1 , G = 16.6 ·
[1 − 0.00053 · (T − 300)] GPa and b = 0.32nm. A simple vi-
sual inspection of the normalized data clearly reveals the exis-
tence of two different regions: the border is at approximately
0.0035σ /G. It is convenient to examine these regions sepa-
rately.
4.1. Low stress region
The creep results at low normalized stresses suggest that
the stress exponent is close to ∼3 and the creep rate can be
described by a Dorn type equation
 
A1 DGb σ − σth 3
ε˙ = AB (σ − σth ) =
3 3
, (6)
kT G
where A1 is the material constant. The threshold stress σ th
can then be estimated using the linear extrapolation technique
 F. Dobeš and P. Dymáček / Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8 (2020) 414–420 417

Fig. 6. Temperature dependence of the threshold stress normalized to the

shear modulus. Fig. 8. Relationship between ε 1/3 and applied stress in double linear coordi-
nates.

Fig. 7. Relationship between normalized minimum creep rate and normalized

Fig. 9. Dependence of slope a (Fig. 8) on reciprocal temperature.
stress.

The dependence of the parameter a on the reciprocal tem-

(e.g. [29]) based on plotting ε˙1/3 versus applied stress perature is given in Fig. 9. Mean value of QC is equal
σ (Fig. 8). The procedure results in a simple linear function, to 123 kJ/mol. Nevertheless, it is evident that the activation
energy decreases with decreasing temperature: from 148 to
ε˙1/3 = a ∗ σ + b, (7) 105 kJ/mol.
The activation enthalpy H of the diffusion coefficient D,
where a is the temperature-dependent parameter and the D = D0 ∗ exp ( − H/RT), which controls the creep process is
threshold stress is given by then
σth = −b/a. (8) 2RT 2 dG
H = QC + + RT . (10)
G dT
The apparent activation energy of creep at constant effec-
tive stress σ − σ th can be estimated as The last two terms on the right-hand side have only neg-
  ligible influence on the value of the activation enthalpy H:
∂ ln ε˙ d ln a they increase the apparent activation energy by 1 to 2 kJ/mol
QC = =3∗ . (9)
∂ (−1/RT ) σ −σth d (−1/RT ) in the studied temperature range.
418 F. Dobeš and P. Dymáček / Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8 (2020) 414–420

The creep results with a stress exponent of n ≈ 3 at the

lowest stresses are consistent with the model of deformation
that takes place through dislocation glide controlled by drag-
ging of solute atoms. The diffusion coefficient can be taken
as that of chemical interdiffusivity suggested either by Darken
[30] or by Fuentes-Samaniego et al. [31,32]
 
 ∗ ∗
 ∂ ln FA
DD = xA DB + xB DA 1 + , (11)
∂ ln xA
  
DA∗ DB∗ ∂ ln FA
DF−S = 1 + , (12)
xA DA∗ + xB DB∗ ∂ ln xA
where DA∗ and DB∗ are the tracer diffusion coefficients for the
A and B atoms in the AB alloy, respectively; xA and xB are
the atomic fractions of A and B in the alloy, respectively; and
FA is the activity coefficient for the A atoms. The respective
activation enthalpies are [33]
xA DB∗ QB∗ + xB DA∗ QA∗
QD = + Qm , (13)
xA DB∗ + xB DA∗
Fig. 10. Temperature dependence of calculated activation energies according
xA DA∗ QB∗ + xB DB∗ QA∗ to Darken [30] and Fuentes-Samaniego et al. [31,32].
QF−S = + Qm , (14)
xA DA∗ + xB DB∗
where we obtain a normalized breakaway stress σ B /G from 3 to
∂ ln m ∂ ln FA 5 × 10−3 , which is in very good agreement with the above
Qm = R T 2 , m=1+ . suggested division of normalized creep data in Fig. 7. The
∂T ∂ ln xA
temperature dependence of the breakaway stresses is evident
The microprobe analysis indicated negligible amount of from the dashed line added to Fig. 3.
strontium in the matrix (∼0.06 at.%), which agrees with the Above the breakaway stresses, the stress power n increases
previous investigations [19]. Consequently, only the diffusion to 7.7. It is more convenient to describe the creep rate at these
coefficients of Mg and Al were included in the estimations stresses by means of the exponential function
of activation energies QD and QF-S . The same measurement  
revealed aluminum content of ∼2.5 at.% in the matrix. The U0 − A∗ bσ
ε˙ = A2 exp − , (16)
diffusion of aluminum in magnesium can be best approxi- kT
mated as D = 0.000574∗ exp(−152310/(RT)) (m2 /s) [34]. The
where U0 is the Gibbs free enthalpy necessary for overcoming
contribution of the temperature dependence of the thermody-
a short range obstacle without the stress, A∗ is the activation
namic factor was neglected. The results of calculations of the
area and A2 is material constant. The multiple regression of
activation energies of diffusion that control dislocation glide
the high-stress data yields the activation energy U0 equal to
are given in Fig. 10. The energy from the Fuentes-Samaniego
111 kJ/mol. This is in fairly good agreement with the acti-
et al. proposal is weakly dependent on the concentration of
vation energy for prismatic glide (1.2 eV = 115.8 kJ/mol) pre-
aluminum and temperature.
dicted by Caillard and Martin [36] and compatible with the
values for creep in magnesium at intermediate temperatures
4.2. High-stress region
quoted by Couret and Caillard [37]. Additionally, the esti-
mated activation areas (9.5 b2 - 16 b2 ) correspond to those
With increasing effective stress, the solute atoms can no
reported by Caillard and Martin (9 b2 at room temperature).
longer hinder the dislocation motion. At a critical stress, the
dislocation breaks away from the cloud of foreign atoms and
moves in a different mode characterized by a high stress 5. Conclusions
power dependence. The critical stress depends on the con-
centration of solute atoms c and the binding energy between The creep of Mg-Al-Sr alloy was studied in the tempera-
the solute atom and the dislocation, which is proportional to ture range from 373 K to 673 K. The alloy was prepared by
the absolute value of the difference in volume between the the squeeze-casting technique. The following conclusions re-
solute and solvent atoms V [35] garding the creep resistance can be drawn:
 2  
1 1 + ν 2 M G2 cV 2
σB = , (15) • Stress dependences of the creep rate over the whole in-
2π 1−ν 10b3 kT terval of temperatures and stresses can be well described
where M = 3.06 is the Taylor factor and ν = 0.34 is the Pois- phenomenologically by the Garofalo sine hyperbolic equa-
son ratio. Taking V = 8.2 × 10−30 m3 and b = 3.2 × 10−10 m, tion modified by the addition of a threshold stress.
 F. Dobeš and P. Dymáček / Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8 (2020) 414–420
• Temperature dependence of the creep rate at lower stresses
is characterized by an activation energy that decreases with
decreasing temperature: from 148 to 105 kJ/mol. Analysis
of the creep rate at higher stresses yields the activation
energy equal to 111 kJ/mol.
• Creep data normalized by the diffusion coefficient and
shear modulus clearly reveal the existence of two different
regions.
• At low stresses, the value of the stress exponent of n∼
=3 is
consistent with the model of deformation that takes place
through dislocation glide controlled by dragging of solute
atoms.
• At high stresses, multiple regression yields the activation
energy, which agrees with that for prismatic glide predicted
by Caillard and Martin.
Acknowledgements
This research has been financially supported by the Min-
istry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic
under the project CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601).
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