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Material Balance Equations
INTRODUCTION Introduction
MODELLING
APPLICATION
To illustrate the simplest possible model we can have Learning goals
SUMMARY for analysis of reservoir behavior, we will start with • Basic understanding of material balance
derivation of so-called “Material Balance Equations”.
This type of model excludes fluid flow inside the
reservoir, and considers fluid and rock The handout “Material Balance Equations” can be
expansion/compression effects only, in addition, of downloaded from here:
course, to fluid injection and production.
matbal.pdf
This module is meant to be an extra help to the
lectures in “Reservoir recovery techniques” by giving
examples to the curriculum covered by the handout
“Material Balance Equations”.
Introduction
Modelling Application
Summary
Block Saturation
diagram
Water Initial
influence gascap
Material Equations
conservation
Click to display
symbols used
Bo Bg Bw
P P P
Click to display
symbols used
Rso vs. P
Rso
P
Click to display
symbols used
APPLICATION
F = N E o mE g E f ,w Wi We Bw2 Gi Bg2
SUMMARY
Where: production terms are
F = N p Bo2 R p - Rso2 Bg2 W p Bw2
B g2
E g = B o1 - 1
B g1
Cr Cw S w1
E f ,w = -1 mBo1 P
1 - S w1
Click to display
symbols used
Click to display
symbols used
APPLICATION
In material balance calculations there are in most cases The animation below shows a producing reservoir with
Initial gascap
Plot 1 many uncertainties with regard to reservoir parametres. gas and water injection.
Plot 2 Uncertain values may for instance include the size of the
Water influence initial gascap, the initial amount of oil in the reservoir and
Plot 3 the influx of the aquifer.
SUMMARY
In the following pages ways of finding some of these
values will be explained.
Click to display
symbols used
Plot 3 an assumed value of m. (eq. 2) For the correct value of Assuming no water influence, gas injection and rock
SUMMARY m the slope will be a straight line passing through origo or water compression/expansion.
with a slope of N. For a too large value of m, the plot will
deviate down and for a too small value it will deviate up. F = N Eo mEg (2)
Large version
Plot 1
Large version
Plot 2
Click to display
symbols used
F = NEo We (5)
F W
=N e (6)
Eo Eo
We = cw c f re2 - ro2 fhp (7)
Large version
Plot 3
Click to display
symbols used
INTRODUCTION Summary
MODELLING
APPLICATION
MODELLING:
SUMMARY Block diagram: Material balance equations are based on a model with a know start- and
end-point. Between the two stages oil, gas & water is produced and gas & water is
(re)injected into the reservoir to maintain pressure. There is also an influx from the aquifer
below the reservoir. Due to change in pressure, the pore volume as well as the fraction of
the volume occupied by gas, oil & water will change.
Material conservation: Amounts of fluids in the reservoir at stage one is equal to the
amount of fluids at stage two plus the amount of fluids produced.
Graph A: The formation volume factors (FVF) tell how much the oil, gas and water is
compressed at a given pressure.
Block diagram
Graph B: The Rso plot shows how the solution gas ratio develops vs pressure. When the
pressure reaches the bubblepointpressure, it is no longer possible to solve more gas into
the oil. Thus the gradient of the curve becomes zero.
Equations: The material balance equations consist of a general part, oil and solution gas
expansion terms, gas cap expansion terms and rock and water compression/expansion
terms
APPLICATION:
Initial gascap: In a gas drive reservoirs m may be calculated by plotting F as a function of
(Eo+mEg). For the correct value of m the plot will be a straight line. Alternatively m & N
may be calculated by plotting F/Eo vs Eg/Eo. The curve will intercept the y axis at a value
of N and have a slope of m*N.
Saturation & pressure
Water influence: In a water drive reservoir the water influx, We, can be recovered by
plotting F/Eo vs We/Eo. In this plot We must be calculated with a known model.
INTRODUCTION References
MODELLING
APPLICATION
Jon Kleppe. Material balance. http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~kleppe/SIG4038/02/matbal.pdf
SUMMARY
L.P. Dake 1978. Fundamentals of reservoir engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 443 pp.
L.P. Dake 1994. The practice of reservoir engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 534 pp.
Svein M. Skjæveland (ed.) & Jon Kleppe (ed.) 1992. SPOR monograph : recent
advances in improved oil recovery methods for North Sea sandstone reservoirs
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger. 335 pp.
APPLICATION
Title: Material Balance Equations
SUMMARY
Author: Prof. Jon Kleppe
Size: 0.8 mb
Prerequisites: none