SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Dr S R Satish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras Chennai 600 036
sr.satishkumar@gmail.com

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN BUCKLING

• Introduction
• Elastic buckling of an ideal column

• Strength curve for an ideal column

• Strength of practical column

• Concepts of effective lengths

• Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling

• Conclusions

2
 INTRODUCTION

• Compression members: short or long

• Squashing of short column

• Buckling of long column

• Steel members more susceptible to buckling

compared to RC and PSC members

3
 ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER
COLUMN
Assumptions:
• Material of strut - homogenous and
linearly elastic
• No imperfections (perfectly straight)
• No eccentricity of loading
• No residual stresss

4
 ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

Pcr The governing differential

equation is
d 2 y Pcr
y  2
 .y  0
dx EI
x  2 EI
Lowest value of the critical load Pcr 
2
Pcr  2 E I
 cr  
A A 2
 2E r2  2E  2E
 cr    2
 2
( / r ) 2


5
 STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN
IDEAL STRUT
axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column
f
B1
Plastic yield defined
Column fails when the C by 
fy f = fy
compressive stress is greater A
A Elastic buckling (  )
than or equal to the values cr
defined by  2 E /  2
defined by ACB.
AC  Failure by yielding (Low
slenderness ratios) B

CB  Failure by bucking (  c )
c  =  /r

6
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

f /fy
Plastic yield

1.0 Elastic buckling

1.0  = (fy / cr )1/2

Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

7
FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH
OF A COLUMN IN PRACTICE:
• Effect of initial out of straightness
• Effect of eccentricity of applied
loading
• Effect of residual stress
• Effect of a strain hardening and the
absence of clearly defined yield
point
• Effect of all features taken together

8
 Residual
Stresses

Residual stresses Residual stresses

in web in flanges

Residual stresses distribution (no applied load)

Residual stresses in an
elastic section subjected
9
to a mean stress a
Effect of all features taken together

a
Data from collapse tests

fy 
 
 Theoretical elastic buckling

 


  
 
    
 

Lower bound curve

 (E/fy)1/2 /r
10
 SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
7.1 Design Strength
7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members
7.3 Design Details
7.3.1 Thickness of Plate Elements
7.3.2 Effective Sectional Area
7.3.3 Eccentricity for Stanchions and Columns
7.3.4 Splices
]7.4 Column Bases
7.4.1 Gusseted Bases
7.4.2 Slab Bases
7.5 Angle Struts
7.5.1 Single Angle Struts
7.5.2 Double Angle Struts
7.5.3 Continuous Members
7.5.4 Combined Stresses Cont...
© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11
 SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

7.6 Laced Columns

7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Design of Lacings
7.6.3 Width of Lacing Bars
7.6.4 Thickness of Lacing Bars
7.6.5 Angle of Inclination
7.6.6 Spacing
7.6.7 Attachment to Main Members
7.6.8 End Tie Plates
7.7 Battened Columns
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Design of Battens
7.7.3 Spacing of Battens
7.7.4 Attachment to Main Members
7.8 Compression Members Composed of Two Components
Back-to-Back end
© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12
 INTRODUCTION

• Dominant factors affecting ultimate strength of columns

subjected to axial compressive loading:
• Slenderness ratio (/r)
• Material yield stress (fy)

• Dominant factors affecting ultimate strength of practical columns:

• Initial imperfection
• Eccentricity of loading
• Residual stresses
• Lack of defined yield point
• Strain hardening

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

 INTRODUCTION

c Test data (x) from collapse tests

xxx
on practical columns
fy
x
x

200
xx
x Euler curve
x
xx x

100
x
x
Design curve
xx
x
x x

50 100 150
Slenderness  (/r)

Typical column design curve

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14
 Cross Section Shapes for
Rolled Steel Compression Members

(a) Single Angle (b) Double Angle (c) Tee

(d) Channel (e) Hollow Circular (f) Rectangular Hollow

Section (CHS) Section (RHS)

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15

 Cross Section Shapes for Built - up or
fabricated Compression Members

(a) Box Section (b) Box Section (c) Box Section

(d) Plated I Section (e) Built - up I Section (f) Built-up Box Section

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16

 7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH

7.1.2 The design compressive strength of a member is given by

Pd  Ae f cd
f y /  m0
f cd    f y /  m0  f y /  m0
0.5

    2 2 
 

 = 0.5[1+ ( - 0.2)+ 2]

fcd = the design compressive stress,
λ = non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio, f y f cc  
f y KLr
2 2
 E
fcc = Euler buckling stress = 2E/(KL/r)2
 = imperfection factor as in Table 7
 = stress reduction factor as in Table 8

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17

 Table 10 Buckling Class of Cross-sections

Cross Section Limits Buckling about Buckling Curve

axis
Rolled I-Sections h/b > 1.2 : z-z a
tf 40 mm y-y b
40 < tf <100 z-z b
y-y c
Welded I-Section tf <40 mm z-z b
y-y c
tf >40 mm z-z c
y-y d
Hollow Section Hot rolled Any a
Cold formed Any b
Welded Box Generally Any b
Section, built-up Any c
Channel, Angle, T Any c
and Solid Sections

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18

 7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH
Buckling Curves
1

0.9

0.8 a

0.7 b
c
0.6
d
fcd/fy

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Lamda

TABLE 7.1 IMPERFECTION FACTOR, α

Buckling Class a b c d
 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members (Table 11)
Boundary Conditions
Effective
Length
At one end At the other end
Schematic
represen
-tation
Translation Rotation Translation Rotation

Restrained Restrained Free Free

2.0L
Free Restrained Restrained Free

Restrained Free Restrained Free 1.0L

Restrained Restrained Free Restrained 1.2L

Restrained Restrained Restrained Free 0.8L

Restrained Restrained Restrained Restrained 0.65 L

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20

 7.4 COLUMN BASES

7.4.2 Gusseted Bases

7.4.3 Slab Bases
b
a
t s  2.5 w (a 2  0.3b 2 ) m 0 / f y  tf

t fy
c 2c+tf
3w mo 2c+tw
c

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Design steps:
• Assume a trial section of area A = P/150
• Make sure the section is at least semi-compact !

• Arrive at the effective length of the column.

• Calculate the slenderness ratios.

• Calculate fcd values along both major and minor axes.

• Calculate design compressive strength Pd = (fcd A).

• Check P < Pd

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22

 BEHAVIOUR OF ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• Angles under compression U V
– Concentric loading - Axial force
1. Local buckling
2. Flexural buckling about v-v axis V U
3. Torsional - Flexural buckling about u-u axis
– Eccentric loading - Axial force & bi-axial moments
– Most practical case
– May fail by bi-axial bending or FTB U V
– (Equal 1, 2, 3 & Unequal 1, 3)

V U

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23

 7.5 ANGLE STRUTS

Basic compressive strength curve

• Curve C of Eurocode 3
• Slenderness Ratio:
concentric loading kL/r
Single leg Connection (kl/r)eq
Equivalent normalised slenderness ratio

  k1  k 2   k3 
2
e
2
vv
2

Where, k1, k2, k3 are constants to account for different

end conditions and type of angle.

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 24

  KL 

 r 
  
b1  b2 
vv   vv 
 2E  E2

   2t
250 250

Where
L = laterally unsupported length of the member
rvv = radius of gyration about the minor axis
b1, b2 = width of the two legs of the angle
t = thickness of the leg
ε = yield stress ratio ( 250/fy)0.5

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25

 7.5 ANGLE STRUTS
7.5.1.2 Loaded through one leg
k1, k2, k3 = constants depending upon the end condition (Table 12)

e  k1  k22vv  k32
No. of bolts at Gusset/Connec
the each end -ting member k1 k2 k3
connection Fixity†

Fixed 0.20 0.35 20

>2
Hinged 0.70 0.60 5

Fixed 0.75 0.35 20

1
Hinged 1.25 0.50 60

Design ?
© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

(a) Single Lacing (b) Double Lacing (c) Battens

Built-up column members
© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 27
 LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

7.6.1.5 The effective slenderness ratio, (KL/r)e = 1.05 (KL/r)0,

to account for shear deformation effects.

7.7.1.4 The effective slenderness ratio of battened column, shall be

taken as 1.1 times the (KL/r)0, where (KL/r)0 is the maximum actual
slenderness ratio of the column, to account for shear deformation
effects.

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 28

 SUMMARY
7.1 Design Strength
7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members
7.3 Design Details
7.4 Column Bases
7.5 Angle Struts
7.6 Laced Columns
7.7 Battened Columns
7.8 Compression Members Composed of Two
Components Back-to-Back

© Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 29