MIND MAP

By: Eric Robin B. Calma

 VOLTAGE STABILITY

DG ANN PMU GENETIC OPTIMIZATION

[12] [16] [17] [18] [1] [2] [3] [5] [2] [4] [5] [2] [6] [11] [7] [8] [9] [10]

[18] [13] [14] [5] [9]

ISLANDING OC RELAY PMU PSO
[15] [19] [20]

[18]
LOGISTIC REGRESSION FAULTS
 Optimal Power Flows with Voltage Stability
Constraint Based on Voltage Stability Indices and
Artificial Neural Networks
This paper describes the resolution of the optimal power flow
(OPF) problem in the context of competitive electricity markets with a
voltage stability constraint (VSC) based on the estimation of a Voltage
Stability Index (VSI) by means of an artificial neural network (ANN). The
complexity of a VSI-based VSC consists in determining the VSI critical
value. Thus, a methodology based on ANN for explicitly and
algebraically determining such a critical value is proposed here.
Numerical tests with 6-bus test-system are carried out in this study.
This approach actually allows modelling the market clearing dispatch
problem with power system security properly accounted in terms of
voltage stability.
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 Genetic Algorithm based Artificial Neural Network
model for Voltage Stability Monitoring
In this paper, hybrid Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm
(ANN-GA) approach for online monitoring of long-term voltage
instability has ben proposed. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been
used to improve the accuracy of ANN by tuning its meta-parameters
such as number of nodes in hidden layer, input and output activation
function and learning rate. The proposed approach uses the voltage
magnitude and phase angle obtained from phasor measurement units
(PMUs) as the input vectors and the outputs is the Voltage Stability
Margin Index (VSMI) vector. The effectiveness of the proposed
approach is tested on the New England 39-bus system. The results of
the proposed ANN-GA approach for voltage stability monitoring is
compared with ANN model on the same data set.
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 Artificial Neural Network based Voltage
Stability Analysis in Power System
Voltage stability analysis plays a vital role in determining the stability
state of the power system. In this paper, Global Voltage Stability Index
is used in estimating with Artificial Neural Network for voltage stability
index. A multi-layer error Cascade Feed-forward Back Propagation
Neural Network and Radial Basis Function Neural Network with Back
Propagation learning algorithm is implemented with Global Voltage
Stability Index. This methodology of testing with the proposed index
indicates the authority in determining the voltage collapse point in the
power system network and location for reactive power compensating
device. The IEEE 14 bus system is tested and simulation results are
presented in this paper.
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 Utilization of PMU data to evaluate the
effectiveness of voltage stability boundary and
indices
Intelligent and effective monitoring of power system stability in control
centers is one of the key issues in smart grid technology to prevent
unwanted power system blackouts. Voltage stability contingency analysis is
one of the important monitoring tools for control center operation in smart
grid era. With the advent of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) technology,
real time monitoring of voltage stability of power system is now a reality.
This work utilizes real-time PMU data to derive voltage stability boundary
and indices to monitor the voltage stability related contingency situation in
power systems. It uses PMU data to calculate two voltage stability indices
that indicates relative closeness to the instability by producing numerical
indices. The IEEE 39 bus system was modeled and run on a Real-time Digital
Simulator (RTDS) which streamed PMU data over the Internet using IEEE
C37.118 standard and was used to calculate the voltage stability boundaries
and indices in real-time.

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 PMU-ANN based approach for real time
voltage stability monitoring
Voltage Stability is one of the major problems to be taken into
consideration for secure and reliable operation of modern power
systems. This paper presents a Phasor Measurement Unit and Artificial
Neural Network (PMU-ANN) based approach for voltage stability
monitoring in real time. The proposed approach uses the Feed Forward
Neural Network (FFNN). The input to FFNN is voltage magnitude and
voltage angle measured from PMU. The optimal placement of PMU is
obtained by Integer Linear Programming (ILP). Various voltage stability
indices are used as indicator for voltage stability monitoring. The
effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on New
England 39 bus test system.
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 Optimal power flow by enhanced genetic
algorithm
This paper presents an enhanced genetic algorithm (EGA) for the
solution of the optimal power flow (OPF) with both continuous and
discrete control variables. The continuous control variables modeled
are unit active power outputs and generator-bus voltage magnitudes,
while the discrete ones are transformer-tap settings and switchable
shunt devices. A number of functional operating constraints, such as
branch flow limits, load bus voltage magnitude limits, and generator
reactive capabilities, are included as penalties in the GA fitness
function (FF). Advanced and problem-specific operators are introduced
in order to enhance the algorithm's efficiency and accuracy. Numerical
results on two test systems are presented and compared with results of
other approaches.
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 Preventive control approach for voltage stability
improvement using voltage stability constrained optimal
power flow based on static line voltage stability indices
Voltage stability improvement is a challenging issue in planning and security assessment of
power systems. As modern systems are being operated under heavily stressed conditions
with reduced stability margins, incorporation of voltage stability criteria in the operation of
power systems began receiving great attention. This study presents a novel voltage stability
constrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF) approach based on static line voltage stability
indices to simultaneously improve voltage stability and minimise power system losses
under stressed and contingency conditions. The proposed methodology uses a voltage
collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) to provide important information about the proximity of
the system to voltage instability. The VCPI index is incorporated into the optimal power
flow (OPF) formulation in two ways; first it can be added as a new voltage stability
constraint in the OPF constraints, or used as a voltage stability objective function. The
proposed approach has been evaluated on the standard IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus test
systems under different cases and compared with two well proved VSC-OPF approaches
based on the bus voltage indicator L - index and the minimum singular value. The
simulation results are promising and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VSC-
OPF based on the line voltage stability index.
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Voltage stability improvement in power system using
optimal power flow with constraints
In planning and security evaluation of power systems voltage stability correction or
an improvement is a worthwhile issue. In current scenario the power utilization of
the customers have been incremented drastically because of this nowadays the
power system are running at massively strained out situation with decreased
stability margins, the voltage stability improvement have a great attention in power
system. Here this research developed a Voltage Stability Constraint - Optimal Power
Flow (VSC-OPF) algorithm to improve the voltage stability and reduction in losses of
system. Also the proximity value of all transmission lines and load buses are
calculated using the VCPI indicator. The VCPI index is combined with the OPF
formulation is in given two ways; (a) in OPF constraint it can be added as a new
voltage stability constraint, or (b) used as the objective function of voltage stability.
The standard IEEE 30 bus system has been used to evaluate the projected method.
The obtained results from simulation are able to explain the efficacy of the Voltage
Stability Constrained-Optimal Power Flow based on the line voltage stability index.
The results are verified through coding using MATLAB SOFTWARE.

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An under voltage load shedding optimization method
based on the online voltage stability analysis
The under voltage load shedding (UVLS) is an effective measure to prevent
voltage collapse in power systems. The voltage stability varies with the
system operation conditions and the under voltage load shedding strategies
need to be adjusted in real time. In this paper, a strategy formulation
method of UVLS is presented based on the on-line voltage stability indicator.
First, the minimum singular value of the load flow Jacobian matrix is selected
as the on-line voltage stability indicator. Then, the sensitivity of minimum
singular with load is used to select the locations of load shedding in the
premise of guaranteeing important load. Moreover, the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) is applied to determine the amount of load to be shed.
Finally, the strategy of centralized under voltage load shedding is made. The
simulation results of the New England 10-machine 39-bus system indicate
that the system can be restored the voltage stability with the minimum
amount of load shedding.

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Static Voltage Stability Analysis Based on the Combination
of Dynamic Continuous Power Flow and Adaptive Chaotic
Particle Swarm Optimization
This paper proposes a method based on the combination of Dynamic Continuation
Power Flow (DCPF) and Adaptive Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization (ACPSO) to
analyze the static voltage stability of the system. The method regards the
combination of regulating voltage and controlling variables as particles and the
system static voltage stability margin as the fitness value. The maximal adaptation
value is the objective function. To solve the problem that there is deficiency in
unbalanced power processing when continuous power flowcalculates the particle's
fitness value, the dynamic power flow algorithm is introduced into the model of
calculating fitness value. According to the principle of Primary Frequency Control,
the unbalanced power of the system has been distributed and the DCPF model has
been established, to calculate the corresponding fitness value of each particle. The
chaos algorithm is introduced into the adaptive particle swarm optimization
algorithm to form ACPSO, which is used to search for the optimal particle and
calculate the maximum fitness value. By analyzing the relationship between
particles and their fitness values, we find a way to improve the system's static
voltage stability margin and examples verifythe effectiveness of the algorithm.

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Optimal Power Flow Based on Genetic Algorithms and
Clustering Techniques
Optimal power flow problems have been studied extensively for the past
decades. Two approaches for solving the problem have been distinguished:
mathematical programming and evolutionary algorithms. The first is fast but
is not converging to a global optimum for every case. The second ones are
robust but time-consuming. This paper proposes a method that combines
both approaches to eliminate their flaws and take advantage of their
benefits. The method uses properties of genetic algorithms to group their
chromosomes around optima in the search space. The centers of these
groups are identified by clustering techniques and furthermore used as initial
points for gradient based search methods. At the end, the proposed method
finds global optimum and its closest local optima. Continuous Newton-
Raphson method is used to overcome ill-conditioned points in search space
when calculating power flows. The proposed method is compared against
similar methods showing considerable improvement.

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 Analysis on the voltage stability and the allowed
penetration capacity of distributed generations in Yuhang
power grid
The increasing amount of the integration of distributed generations (DG) will bring
about some adverse effects on the static and transient voltage stability, or even
threaten the reliability and the safety of the whole power grid. The integration
capacity of DGs is the main fact that contributes to the impact on the voltage
stability. As DGs are connected to the grid through electronic interface, different
kinds of control methods affect voltage stability significantly as well. This work
mainly focuses on the DG integration to Yuhang power grid, and the outside part of
this grid can be equivalent to a Thevenin circuit. The analytic expressions of the
voltage and the power penetration rate at the DG connected node are derived. On
this basis, the stability characteristics of the load voltage under different DG
penetration rates are analyzed. Moreover, the effects of different reactive power
control strategies on voltage static stability are compared with each other, and the
transient voltage stabilities under different DG penetration rates are also discussed.
Finally, the allowed penetration rate for Yuhang power grid is determined after
checking the static and transient stability. The results show that the system can
support more loads if the penetration of DG is increased appropriately.

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The modeling of directional overcurrent relay in loop
system using cascade forward neural network
The problems arising in loop electrical network system is a relay setting that
follows changes in the system such as power source operation, regular
maintenance and damage to powers source. To obtain an adaptive relay
which is capable of following the changes in the network system, this paper
is proposes the modeling of the coordination of the power system network
with the cascade forward neural network (CFNN) by simulating three power
sources, fifteen protection relays, six buses, and three loads. CFNN applied in
the directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) curve model using sample data
from protection coordination in loop electrical network system. On the
modeling process by comparing some number of neurons and learning rate
to get the best accuracy and time speed with four combination input and
two outputs. The results of modeling relay using CFNN method showed
mean square error of 3,24e-06 with a current contribution of 95% and mean
square error of 2,10e-03 with a current contribution of 105% and from
modeling is very accurate and can be applied to digital overcurrent relay.
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Overcurrent relay modeling using artificial neural
network
Reducing time operation of protection system is desirable, for the life time of equipment
and voltage quality will be much improved. During starting up electrical devices such
transformers or electrical motors etc., there must be inrush current. Alternatively, the
inrush current and the damaging curves of those are not in the same curve which means
that to protect those devices, the minimum time setting of relay protection must be set at
[13]
least higher than the time delay of inrush current and it can be used the conventional
curves of IEC standard. However, it will be much better for the devices and also the power
system if nonconventional curve is applied, for it can be regulated to any circumstance of
the loads' characteristic curves. Plus, power system protection will be more flexible if this
model can be applied in adaptive relay coordination. In this study, Bayesian Regularization
Backpropagation Neural Network (BRBPNN) is used in order to model nonconventional
curves. BRBPNN is a robust method and is used to model the characteristic curves of
overcurrent relay (OCR). It was developed for trend analysis of the input data as load
pickup current and tripping time as the target data. It is obvious that the errors between
actual data and testing result of simulation and real application of prototype are highly
acceptable.

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PMU Placement for Line Outage Identification via
Multinomial Logistic Regression
We consider the problem of identifying a single line outage in a power grid
by using data from phasor measurement units (PMUs). When a line outage
occurs, the voltage phasor of each bus node changes in response to the
change in network topology. Each individual line outage has a distinctive
signature, and a multinomial logistic regression classifier can be trained to
distinguish between these signatures reliably. We consider first the ideal case
in which PMUs are attached to every bus. We then describe techniques from
regularized optimization for placing PMUs selectively on a subset of buses,
with the subset being chosen to allow discrimination between as many
outage events as possible. Experimental results with synthetic 24-h demand
profile data generated for IEEE 14-, 30-, 57-, and 118-bus systems are
presented.

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The impacts of distributed generation on voltage
stability
Power system is forced to operate near to its stability limit due to the rapid
growth of power demand. So, voltage stability has become a primary
concern for power systems researchers. The imbalance between reactive
power generation and consumption in the system causes voltage drop in the
system which is the main cause of voltage collapse. In order to avoid this,
most of the modern power systems are adopting the new emerging
technologies like Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices and
Distributed Generation (DG) systems etc. Conventional method of repetitive
load flow analysis for stability study is highly time consuming. A Thevenin's
equivalent network based voltage stability index is proposed in this paper
which avoids the continuous load flow analysis. The index is used to identify
the weakest bus in the IEEE 30 bus test system. The improvements of the
proposed index with the addition of facts devices and DG technologies are
visualized. Also the optimal location and size are investigated for which the
stability improves to a maximum value.
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Reassessment of voltage stability for distribution
networks in presence of DG
There is a growing interest in integrating renewable energy based
distributed generation (DG) in the electrical power distribution
networks. The installation of DG units at distribution level impacts
critically the planning and operation characteristics of the network. The
type, location, number and capacity of the integrated DGs affects
system behavior and performance. In this paper the effect of installing
new DGs on the distribution network voltage stability is studied. The
optimal location of the newly installed DGs are decided based on the
Power Stability Index (PSI) and Voltage Stability Index (VSI). Moreover,
Voltage Stability Margin (VSM) of the interconnected DG distribution
network is demonstrated for different scenarios.
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Islanding detection method of distribution generation
system based on logistic regression
Islanding operation will harm the safety and stability of the power
system, in the occurrence of island operation which must be in the
specified time to monitor it. Here, the logical regression algorithm is
introduced into the islanding operation monitoring. First, an accurate
distributed generation system model is established in Matlab
environment. The model considers various possible island operating
states, minimum monitorable area, multiple distributed power
supplies, various operating conditions, and different network
topologies, and then uses. The data feature quantity under various
island operating conditions is trained in the TensorFlow environment.
Finally, the trained model is used to monitor the islanding status. The
results show the feasibility of the method.

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Optimal PMU placement for complete system observability
and fault observability using graph theory
In this paper, a novel method for complete system observability and
fault observability using a minimum number of Phasor Measurement
Units (PMU) has been proposed. Graph theory has been used to form a
specific spanning tree from a system graph. All the vertices of the
parent graph have been converted to cut vertices and pendant vertices.
Then some strategic places have been identified for PMU installation by
using some graph theoretic concepts. It is very easier to analysis a
power system network by converting it to a graph model. PMU
placement problem has been formulated for complete system
observability as well as fault observability. To verify the effectiveness of
the proposed method 7-bus, IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, and New
England 39-bus systems have been used.

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Fault location using PMU measurements and wide-
area infrastructure
Fast and accurate fault location is critical to restoration of the power
system. Deployment of production grade Phasor Measurement Unit
(PMU) based on the latest IEEE C37.118.1 measurement standards
using high-speed “P Class” data makes accurate fault location possible.
Multi-terminal PMU data and decentralized PDC storage can easily be
leveraged to not only obtain affordable and accurate fault location but
also provide the operator with key information. By-products of this
process are dynamic computation of line positive-sequence impedance
and fault resistance.

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 Sample Ideas
• Effects of Distributed Generation on PMU Optimal Placement
• Global Voltage Stability Index Monitoring using Multiclass Logistic
Regression
• ANN-PSO Load Flow
• ANN-based Fault Locator based from synthesized PMU data

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