Rules of

Punctuation
 Comma, colon, semicolon

• These punctuation marks are

frequently confused with one
another because they all can
indicate a pause in a sentence.
They are also collectively called
secondary boundary marks.
 Comma (,)
• It is used to separate ideas
or elements within a
sentence. It is also used in
letter writing after the
salutation and closing.
 Comma (,)
• When separating elements
in a sentence
• Example:
• Basketball, bowling, and
skateboarding are Toby’s
favorite past time.
 Comma (,)
• When used in a compound
sentence
• Example:
• Daryl goes hunting for food,
and Beth makes a campfire.
 Comma (,)
• In letter writing
• Example:
• Dear Father,
 Colon (:)
• It is used after a word or
sentence to introduce a
series, an explanation,
example, statement, or to end
the formal opening of a
business letter
 Colon (:)
• It is also used to separate the
hour and minute within time.
 Colon (:)
• When introducing a list or
series:
• Here are things my son
wanted for his birthday: a
happy family, a new bicycle,
and pizza
 Colon (:)
• When introducing a
statement or explanation:
• Yesterday was not really a
great day for me: my bag and
wallet got stolen.
 Colon (:)
• When ending the formal
opening in a business
letter:
 Colon (:)
• Hello, Ms. Pabilona:
• We would like to invite you to
the upcoming event.
• When indicating time:
• 6:40 pm
 semiColon (;)
• It is used to link related
independent clauses, and it
indicates a closer connection
between the clauses than a
period does.
 semiColon (;)
• The books I have left in my
bag are The Great Gatsby by
F. Scott Fitzgerald; The Old
Man and the Sea by Ernest
Hemingway; and The
Talisman by Stephen King.
 semiColon (;)
• Jim loves chocolate; his wife
hates it.
 Capitalization
rules
•Capitalization is writing
the first letter of a word
in a capital letter and
the rest in lower case.
 Capitalization
rules
• The first letter of the first
word of every sentence.
– Mara is a very humble
student.
– She makes everyone smile.
 Capitalization
rules
• Proper nouns
– Maria Delos Santos
– Philippines
– Coca-cola, Pepsi
 Capitalization
rules
• Adjectives derived from
proper nouns
– Canadian citizen
– Filipino custom
– Japanese cuisine
 Capitalization
rules
• The pronoun “I” and all of
its contractions
– I’ll (I will)
– I’m (I am)
– I’d (I would)
 Capitalization
rules
• Nouns and pronouns that
pertain to God
– Do not worry for He is our
God.
– God is good all the time.
 Capitalization
rules
• Most acronyms
(acronyms that turned
into proper words)
– DOH
– DILG
 Capitalization
rules
• Titles of bodies of work
– (nouns, pronouns, adjectives,
verbs, adverbs, and
subordinate conjunctions;
articles and coordinating
conjunctions are excluded)
 Capitalization
rules
• i never had any new year’s
resolution that is meaningful as
this one
• jane, tricia, and elizabeth were
the last to join the group; they
joined last october.
 Capitalization
rules
• what mr dela cruz wanted was
a copy of metallica’s song,
“ride the lightning.”
• trust in our god; he will never
betray you.
 Capitalization
rules
• she always wanted to give
charlie a gift.
• don’t go anywhere, I’ll be there
in a moment.
• i found the man I was looking
for; I saw him
 Capitalization
rules
• a canadian tourist told me that
he has travelled through most
parts of the world: france,
germany, japan, sweden, brazil,
and the philippines were among
his favorites.
 Capitalization
rules
• my uncle once told me, “don’t
you ever disrespect your
parents, no matter what they
do.”
• his favorite film is the last of
the mohicans.
 Capitalization
rules
• i found the man I was looking
for; i saw him near shaw blvd.
last tuesday.
 Word order

• Natural Order
– the subject comes before the
verb
• Inverted Order
– the verb comes before the
subject
 FRONTING
• is a word group that is placed
at the beginning of a sentence
and is usually followed by a
verb.
– front-focus or preposing
 FRONTING

“Before the march

of the flames were
flung picket lines of
soldiers.”
 FRONTING

“Never have I seen a greater,

or more beautiful, or a calmer
or more noble things than you
brother.”
 FRONTING
– Other examples:
• At the corner of the two
streets is a queer looking
house.
• Here comes the great jolly
band.
 Natural Order

– Threebeautiful
kittens lay in the
corner of the
room.
 Inverted Order

– In the corner of
the room lay
three beautiful
kittens.
 Natural Order

–The roar of the

onrushing waves
came from afar.
 Inverted Order

– From afar came

the roar of the
onrushing
waves.
 Natural Order

True peace
–

can be
achieved.
 Inverted Order

–Can true peace

be achieved?
 EXERCISES
• Filling the air with
fragrance were the
sampaguita flowers.
• From a carelessly
discarded lighted cigarette
originates fire.
 EXERCISES
• From a distance I saw the
beautiful sight of multi-
colored flowers.
• On the roadside lay a
wounded man.
 EXERCISES
• There came a sound of a
fire alarm.
• Do you agree with the
author’s suggestions?
 EXERCISES
• Will the students tour
historical spots?
• In the twilight can be seen
farmers winding their way
home.