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ParadittMs!
vS
karLpoPper thOmaskuHn
1902– 1994 1922– 1996
ThoMasS.Kuhn
PhySiCist it’s TouGhWith
(1922– 1996) BecAfteIntErEstEd EinSteinAroUnD.
inHisToryand
PhiLoSopHyofSciEnce
theStrUcTureofSciEnTifIc
RevOlUtiOns(1962)
AddEdaPosTsCriPtin
the2ndEdiTion(1969)
NoRmA
l
ScIeNcE
ReVoLuTiOnAr
Y ScIeNcE
ShaRedInsTrUmeNtsandTecHnIquEs
ExeMpLars
ExeMpLars
ValUes
ShaRed
TheOrEtiCal
ExeMpLars
ShaRed
BelIefs
ExeMpLars
ShaRedMetApHysIcs
NoRmA
l
ScIeNcE
TheSeFormaDisCiPliNary
ShaRedInsTrUmeNtsandTecHnIquEs MatRiX,orParAdittft*.
ExeMpLars andJust toConFuseyou,i
TheOrEtiCal SomEtImesCall theExeMpLarsof
GoodSciEnce“ParAdIttfts”too.
ExeMpLars
ExeMpLa
ShaRed
ShaRed
ValUes
BelIefs
ComMiTmeNttotheDisCiPliNaryMatRixisapre-
rs
ReqUiSiteforSucCeSsfUlNorMalSciEnce.
TheReisTheReForeaTenSionBetWeen
theDesIreforInnOvAtiOnandthe
Needto“ThiNkWitHinthebox”.
ExeMpLars
ShaRedMetApHysIcs
ShaRedInsTrUmeNtsandTecHnIquEs
notTesTed
ExeMpLars
RevOlUtiOnsarenot
ExeMpLars
SouGhtforExcEpt
ValUes
ShaRed
TheOrEtiCal
ExeMpLars
UndErExtReme
CirCuMstAnces
AnoMaLous ShaRed
BelIefs
ResUltsare
TolErAted
ExeMpLars
ShaRedMetApHysIcs
NoRmAl
ScIeNcE
Anomaly
AnAnoommalayly
AnoAnmoalmyalAynomaly
AAnnoommAaAnn ll yyoommaaly y
lAnom
Anomaly AnomAanlyomaly
a
ShlyaRedInsTrUmeNtsandTecHnIquEs
ExeMpLars
ExeMpLars
ValUes
ShaRed
TheOrEtiCal
ExeMpLars
ShaRed
BelIefs
ExeMpLars
ShaRedMetApHysIcs
NoRmAl
CrIsIs!
ExeMpLars
ExeMpLars
ShaRedMetApHysIcs
AScIeNtIfIc ReVoLuTiOn Is …
notCumUlAtiVe. CumUlAtiVe.
GovErnedbyRulEsofLottIc.
notGovErnedbyRulEs.
UltIftAteLySetTledbyComPaRingthe
UltIftAteLySetTledbyComPaRing ComPeTing HypOtHesEs’ AbiLity to
thePuzZle-SolVinttPowErofthe ResIstAttEftptstoFalSifyThem.
ComPeTingIdeAs.
ScIeNtIfIc PrOgReSs
theRevOlUtiOnarySeaRchforaRepLaCemEntParAdittftis
DriVenbytheFaiLureoftheExiStingParAdittftto SolVe
CerTainAnoMaLies.
theRepLaCemEntParAdittftSolVestheMajOrityofThoSe
PuzZlesandRetAinMuchoftheProBlem-SolVinttPowErof
itsPreDeCesSoR.
HowEver,weCanNotInfErFromtheIncReaseinProBlem-
SolVinttPowErProVidedbythenewParAdittftThatwearenow
CloSerTotHeTruTh,BecAuseParAdIttftsareIncOftMenSuRabLe*
WithoneAnoTher.
s
RchforaRepLaCemEntParAdittft
*thEsciEnceGuideDbyonE
ureoftheExiStingParAdittftto
erTainAnoMaLies.
ParadIgftiSincOmftenSurabLewitH
ThesCiencEdevElopeDundEra
rAdittftSolVestheMajOrityofetAin DiffeRentParadiGft,intHattHereiSNo
MuchoftheProBlem-SolVinttesSoR.
coMmonMeasuReofthe
InfErFromtheIncReaseinProBlem-d DiffeRentTheoriEs.
bythenewParAdittftThatweare
eTruTh,BecAuseParAdIttftsareRabLe*
WithoneAnoTher.
anomaly
anomaly
maly anomaly anomaly ano
anomaly
anomaly