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Computer Electronics & Interfacing

Chapter 1
Introduction

William Stallings
Computer Organization and Architecture 9th Edition
Computer Architecture
Computer Organization
• Attributes of a • Instruction set, number
system visible to of bits used to
the programmer represent various data
• Have a direct types, I/O
impact on the mechanisms,
logical execution techniques for
of a program addressing memory
Computer Architectural
Architecture attributes include:

Organizational Computer
attributes include: Organization
• Hardware details
transparent to the • The operational units
programmer, control and their
signals, interfaces interconnections that
between the computer realize the
and peripherals, architectural
memory technology specifications
used
IBM System
370 Architecture
 IBM System/370 architecture
 Was introduced in 1970
 Included a number of models
 Could upgrade to a more expensive, faster model without having to
abandon original software
 New models are introduced with improved technology, but retain the
same architecture so that the customer’s software investment is
protected
 Architecture has survived to this day as the architecture of IBM’s
mainframe product line
Structure and Function

 Hierarchical system
 Structure
 Set of interrelated
 The way in which
subsystems
components relate to each
 Hierarchical nature of complex other
systems is essential to both
 Function
their design and their
description  The operation of individual
components as part of the
 Designer need only deal with structure
a particular level of the system
at a time
 Concerned with structure
and function at each level
Function
 A computer can perform
four basic functions:

● Data processing
● Data storage
● Data movement
● Control
 The
Computer
Structure
  CPU – controls the operation
of the computer and performs
There are four its data processing functions
main structural  Main Memory – stores data
components
of the computer:
 I/O – moves data between the
computer and its external
environment

 System Interconnection –
some mechanism that provides
for communication among
CPU, main memory, and I/O
  Control Unit
CPU
 Controls the operation of the CPU
and hence the computer
Major structural
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
components:
 Performs the computer’s data
processing function

 Registers
 Provide storage internal to the CPU

 CPU Interconnection
 Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers
 Summary
Introduction

Chapter 1
 Computer Organization  Structure
 CPU
 Computer Architecture  Main memory
 Function  I/O
 Data processing  System interconnection
 Data storage  CPU structural components
 Data movement  Control unit
 Control  ALU
 Registers
 CPU interconnection
+
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ComputerOrganization/