PRODUCTION AND USE OF ULTRASOUND IN A Physics A-Level Project by:

• Felix Prince

DIAGNOSIS. • Reine Younes

• Sourya Patnaik
ANY SOUND/WAVE WITH A FREQUENCY ABOVE 20,000 HZ WHAT`EXACTLY CAN BE
(OR 20 KHZ)—THAT IS, ABOVE THE HIGHEST AUDIBLE DEFINED AS ULTRASOUND?
FREQUENCY—IS DEFINED TO BE ULTRASOUND.
CREATION AND DETECTION OF
ULTRASONIC WAVES
 CREATION AND DETECTION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES
What is the PiezoElectric effect?
The piezo-electric effect is the expansion and contraction of a substance when a voltage is
applied across it, causing a vibration of the piezo electric crystal

In most applications, ultrasonic waves are generated and detected by a transducer that
includes a piezoelectric crystal that converts electrical energy (electric current) to mechanical
energy (sound waves) and vice versa.

1) An ultrasound transducer contains a piece of piezoelectric material between

two electrodes. An oscillating current is applied, causing the piezoelectric
material to vibrate rapidly and generate ultrasound waves.

2) The Ultrasonic waves which then return to the detector, either by reflection or
scattering, cause the piezoelectric material to vibrate, generating an electric
signal that is then processed for information.
 USING ULTRASOUND TO OBTAIN
DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION ABOUT
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
A pulse of ultrasound emitted by the Piezo Electric
Transducer

This pulse is reflected or scattered at the boundaries of the

internal structure

The pulse is then detected at surface by a transducer (could

be the same one or a different one).

This data in this signal is then processed for:

A. time- Time between the pulse being transmitted and it being received
provides information about the depth of the internal boundary/ boundary
in the structure
B. intensity - reflected intensity gives information about the the nature of the
boundaries/ boundary
Full Ultrasound
Imaging system
SPECIFIC ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AND
ITS IMPORTANCE
 SPECIFIC ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AND INTENSITY
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
The specific acoustic impedance z is a
ratio of acoustic pressure to specific
flow, which is the same as flow per unit
area, or flow velocity. In all cases,
'acoustic' refers to the oscillating
component.
With this proviso, we can say that
acoustic impedance, Z = pressure/flow
and
specific acoustic impedance,
z = pressure/velocity (Pa. s/m3)
At the boundary between media of different
acoustic impedances, some of the wave energy is
reflected and some is transmitted.
The greater the difference in acoustic impedance
between the two media, the greater the reflection
and the smaller the transmission.
intensity reflection coefficient (a): the ratio of the
intensity of the reflected wave relative to the
incident (transmitted) wave.
a=
(Z1 and Z2 are the acoustic impedances of the two
media)
A reflection coefficient of zero occurs when the acoustic
impedances of the two media are the same.
An impedance “match” (no reflection) provides an
efficient coupling of sound energy from one medium to
another.
A TABLE OF THE DIFFERENT ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCES IN DIFFERENT
MEDIA (BODY TISSUE, IN THIS CASE)
ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND WAVES IN
MATTER
EQUATION FOR ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND WAVES;
• I = transmitted intensity
• I0 = incident intensity
• X= thickness
• K= linear absorption(attenuation)
coefficient

An example question:
ANSWER
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME