- Jean Jacques Rousseau

- John Locke
- John Dewey
- Herbert Spencer
- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Jean Jacques Rousseau

 Genevan Philosopher

 Born June 28, 1712 in

Geneva Switzerland.

 Suzanne Bernard, his

mother, died a week
after he was born.

 Son of a watchmaker
 Jean Jacques Rousseau

 Left Geneva at 16 and

settled in Paris in 1742
at the age of 30.

 Gained his
philosophies through
travelling Switzerland
and France.
 Wrote “The Social
Contract”  Philosophies
influenced by
 Viewed man as oppresive monarchy in
“noble savages” France.
Jean Jacques Rousseau

The Social Contract

 States repress
physical and civil
Freedom.

 People are almost

always in conflict with
government.

 Legitimate political
authority comes only
from a social contract
agreed upon by all.
Educational Philosophy
 A naturalist who
believes that nature is
enough to educate
children

 He believed that at
birth all people are
good but after being
exposed to the
influences of the
world, the society
corrupts them
 Educational Philosophy
 Children understand their
natural characteristics
through experience and
manipulation of natural
things.

 Instructions on how
children should behave
 They will learn what is are not good and not
good and bad through needed for teaching
the consequences of morals and ethics
their actions.
 There is no need for harsh
 Educators should allow and perspective
children's basically good educational programme in
natural tendencies to educating the child.
unfold.
3 meaning of Nature
 Isolation from the
society

 Innate tendencies of
the child

 Contact with natural

environment
Curriculum
Rousseau believes that following subjects should be included in curriculum.
1 Sciencies which deal with nature should be included i.e physics, chemistry,
zoology and botony etc
2 Mathematics and languages should be included in the curriculum because
they are considered tools for understanding science subjects.
3 Drawing should be included for free expression of ideas and speech.
4 For traditional subjects no place should be given.
5 He was in favoured in moral training through the theory of natural
experience.
6 Physical and health training should be given to the child i.e.
Running,jumping, climbing and swimming. The child must be allowed utmost
freedom of movement.
7 For the past experiences history and social studies subjects should be
included
8 Agriculture and carpentary subjects should be included for development of
sense perception and practical judgement.
Methods of teaching
Rousseau has suggested the following methods for
teaching:

1 Example is better than perception

2 Social knowledge should be imparted through social
participation.
3 Individual instruction should be given.
4 Heuristic method should be applied.
5 Direct experience should be given.
6 Learning by doing method should be applied.
Role of Teacher

Rousseau said that teacher should protect the

child from mental conflicts, repressions, and
mental disorders of all kinds. He believed that
teacher should not interfere with the activities
of the children. The teacher duty is that he
should see that the education of the students is
the free development of their interests and
motives.
 John Locke
 Born on August 29, 1632,
in the village of Wrington,
located in the country of
Somerset, England.

 Born to Puritan parents,

Agnes Keene and John
Locke, the elder. Agnes
 Never married nor have
died when John was an
children. However, he
infant. Him and his only
was very close with Lady
brother, Thomas, were
Damaris Cudworth
raised by their father who
Masham that lasted till
was an attorney in the
his death on October
small village of Pensford
28th, 1704 at the age of
in Somerset, England.
72.
 Educational Philosophy
 John is recognized as the
founder of empiricism
(theory that all
knowledge is derived
from sense-experience)

 Locke agreed with

aristotle that we are not
 Locke believes that there
born with innate ideas,
are 2 types of ideas
and that we learn through
(simple and complex)
experience.
 Simple ideas are easy
sensations.  The only way we learn is
 Complex ideas are a by tasting, smelling,
grouping of simple ideas. touching, and hearing the
external world.
Locke uses the term education to encompass the process of a child
growing into an adult. This process includes the need to socialize
the child and prepare them to enter into society. Locke draws from
his work on natural rights and the formation of society to establish
the need to prepare the child for entering into a social contract with
the other members of their society. He also has the underlying idea
that there is no such thing as innate knowledge. According to Locke,
we are born a blank slate. We may have the capacity to learn and yet
the knowledge itself has to be taught. This education begins at birth
when the child is most eager to learn about the world around them.
The Childs’ socialization is best begun at an early age as this will
insure that their willingness to comply with the social contract will
be lost if the child is allowed to learn to give in to their natural
desires. Thus, education is the basis for social order.
Role of Teacher

Locke said that Educators are urged to carefully inquire into the children’s
personality in order to put to good use their positive natural tendencies, their
quality of rational beings apt to perform virtuous acts. The superior, civilised
conduct of an individual is mostly explainable by the education received; this
education mainly relies on man’s propensity towards knowledge, the young
people’s natural desire to properly understand the world they live in. In this
case, the children’s natural curiosity constitutes a strong ally in the adults’
educational effort. He requires the adults to provide clear answers, suitable to
the understanding abilities and
educational level of each child: such answers should not be too scientific, but
not trivial either. By providing the
suitable answers to the questions of the ones we educate we may have the
chance to see their development and the surprising progress they make.
Educational Philosophy

Humans are born with a

clean state, and that we
learn while we grow,
experiencing the world as
we go.
 John Dewey
 Born 1859, Burlington
Vermoont, USA. Died 1952
 John was the third child
 He graduated from high
school at the age of 15
 Went to University of
Vermont and he
 He was an American graduated second in his
philosopher and class at 1878 with a major
regarded as the foremost in philosophy.
educator of his day.  Dewey read the works of
 He is an educator who, Charles Darwin w/c had a
with Charles Peirce and great influence in Dewey's
William James, was a life works.
founder of the school of
philosophy known as
“pragmatism”
 Views on Education
 Pragmatism (knowledge
that can be required
through human
relationship with the
natural surroundings)

 Dewey believed that

 Instrumentalism is a students should be
theory of knowledge involved in real-life tasks
created by Dewey in w/c and challenges
ideas are seen to exist
primarily as intruments  Focused his concept of
for the solution of instrumentalism in
problems encountered in education on “ learning by
the environment. doing or hands-on
learning”
Views on Education
 Dewey thought that
people learn the best
through experience. He
thought knowledge could
be falsified. Thus, it
needed to be consistently
challenged and
experimented on.

 He emphasized on inquiry
beased education.
The School's Role
 “The school is simply that
form of community life in
which all those agencies
are concentrated that will
be most effective in
bringing the child to share
in the inherited resources
of the race, and to use his
own powers for social
end.”
 Role of Curriculum
 Dewey advocated for an
educational structure that
makes a balance between
the child and the
curriculum, that is to say,
delivering knowledge
while also taking into
 Flexible and changeable account the interests and
in accordance to child's experiences of the
interest student.
 Reflect social life and  He also rejected
social activities curriculum-centered view
of education rather than
student centered
education.
Teachers Role
 Facilitator and guide since
the teacher becomes a
partner in the learning
process who leads students
to independently discover
meaning within the subject
area.

 Teachers are responsible for

achieving the goals of the
school, but the specific
topics to be studied to meet
those goals, cannot be
determined in advance
because they should be of
the interest of the children
 “Education is not preparation for life; education is life
itself. Education, therefore, is a process of living and not
a preparation for future living.”

- Jonh Dewey
 Herbert Spencer
 Born on April 27, 1820 in
Derby, England and died
December 8, 1903.

 Out of 9 siblings he was the

only one to survive to
adulthood.

 He trained in civil
 His first book was titled
engineering for railways but
Social Statics: The
turned to journalism
Conditons Essential to
political writing in his early
Human Happiness in w/c
20's.
he predicted that
humanity would
 He was awarded the Nobel
eventually adapt to the
Prize in 1902.
requirements of living in
society.
Herbert Spencer
 Spencer was an agnostic
who believed that the only
way to gain knowledge was
through a scientific
approach.

 The first person to coin the

phrase “survival of the
fittest.”

 He was known as one of

the leading Social
Darwinists in the late 19th-
early 20th century America.
 Views on Education
 In Spencer's work “social
status” he stated that
individual freedom was
extremely important and
that the government should
play a limited role in society
especially in the schools.

 He did not believe in the

 Spencer believed in the
public school system. His
private school system w/c
major criticism of the school
competed for the
system was that it did not
brightest student. He felt
prepare children to live in
that the most exemplary
society.
schools would eventually
acquire the best teachers
and students.
 Principles of Teaching and
Learing
 People in the industrialized
society needed a utilitarian
education in order to learn
useful scientific skills and
subjects.

 Learning should be a
 Children should be sensory experience where
encouraged to explore a student interact within
and discover which would his/her environment; a slow,
allow them to acquire gradual, and inductive
knowledge naturally. process.

 A student should only

engage in those activities
that would allow him/her to
survive in society.
 Education and Schooling
 Spencer became one of the
major proponents of
modern Curriculum theory.

 He never loved old

traditions.

 He wants to lead the child

to a very high ideal by
developing his interests.
Spencer identified 5 types of
activities in the curriculum;
1. Self-preservation
2. Indirect self- preservation
3. Rearing of offspring
4. Citizenship
5. Leisure of life.
 Influences on Educational
Practices today
 He wanted private schools to
compete against each other in
trying to attract the brightest
students and most capable
teachers.

 The standardized testing used

in the No Child Left Behind Act
is a way of introducing
 Education today competition into schools, as it
continues to be identifies achieving and non-
influenced by Spencer’s achieving schools and
Social Darwinist Theories. teachers.
In fact, his curriculum
activities based on human  Spencer would raise entry
standards for students to pre-
need are still being
service teacher- education
implemented in one form program to make them more
or another. competitive.
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
 Born in Zurich, Switzerland,
January 12, 1746

 Entered University of Zurich to

study theology in 1760

 Change the law in order to fight

against the injustices of the
common people. However he
came to realize that the first
step to improvement was
education for these people.

 1769-1798 he lived at his farm

“Neuhof” near Zurich, opened
his house as school for poor
children.
 Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
 1798- went to the town of Stanz
to help recover after the French
Revolution. He opened an
orphanage and taught there
beginning with 23 children,
increasing eventually to 80.

 1799-1804 he directed the

school at Burgdorf

 1805-1825 he was director

 Father of Elementary
of the experimental institute
Education
at Yverdon-les-Bains, which
was extablished on
“You plant a tiny seed in the
Pestalozzi principles.
ground; in that seed lies the
whole nature of the tree.”
 Views on Education
 He opposed the prevailing
system of memorization
learning and strict discipline
and sought to replace it
with a system based on love
and an understanding of the
childs world. His belief that
education should be based
 Running through much of on concrete experience led
Pestalozzis writing is the him to pioneer in the use of
idea that education should tactile objects, such as
be moral as well as plants and mineral
intellectual. Never losing specimens, in the teaching
his commitment to social of natural science to
reform, Pestalozzi often youngsters.
reiterated the belief that
society could be changed
by education.”
 Belief about children
 Thought begins with
sensation; are naturally
good;education should
nurture their innate
goodness.

Educational Philosophy

Educational Method:  Placed great emphasis on

Children should learn
through their senses , by
seeing, objects in their
natural environment.
the individual and “object
learning” often reiterated
that social reform could be
achieved through education.
Principles
 Begin with a concrete
object before the abstract.

 Begin with what is

immediate before the
remote.

 Begin with easier tasks and

then move to more complex