Geometric Reasoning

Lines

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

Adjacent
adj L’s on a
angles on a
straight line
straight line χ° 60 °
add to 180 °
add up to χ° = 180 ° – 60 °
180° χ° =120 °
 Lines

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

Angles around 95°

L’s at a point
a point add χ°
165° add to 360 °
up to 360 °
χ° = 360 ° – 95 ° - 165 °
χ° =100 °
 Lines

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

Vertically
x° Vert opp L’s
Opposite 35°
are equal
angles are
equal χ° = 35 °
 Triangles

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

The interior 37°

int L’s of
angles of a
x° 30° add to 180 °
triangle add
up to 180 ° χ° = 113 °
 Triangles
• Property • Diagram  Short
Reason
The exterior
angle of a
ext L of =
triangle is x° 60°
sum of int
equal to the 50°
opp L’s
sum of the
interior χ° = 110 °
opposite
angles
 Triangles
• Property • Diagram  Short
Reason
In an isosceles
triangle, the
angles base L’s,
opposite 47° x°
the equal sides isos ,
(the base are equal
angles) are χ° = 47 °
equal
 Triangles

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

Each angle in x°
L’s in equilat
an equilateral
= 60°
triangle is 60°
χ° = 60 °
 Parallel Lines

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

corresp L’s, ll
Corresponding x° 81°
lines, are
angles are equal
equal
χ° = 81 °
 Parallel Lines

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

alt L’s, ll
Alternate 96°
lines, are
angles are x° equal
equal
χ° = 96 °
 Parallel Lines

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

Co-interior Co-int L’s, ll

x°97°
angles add up lines, add to
to 180° 180°

χ° = 83 °
Working backwards

 How do we know lines are parallel?

 If the pair of alternate angles are equal
 If corresponding angles are equal
 If co-interior angles are supplementary
(sum to 180 degrees)

 Ex 31.06 page 457-458

Polygons
Theory Books

 Angle Properties of Polygons

 Sum of exterior angles of a polygon

add to 360°

 Sum of interior angles of a polygon

with n sides add to the (n-2)180 °.
Example

 Calculate x

68°

133°
x°
Symmetry and similarity
Polygon symmetry and similarity
Theory Books

 Line Symmetry (reflection)

 The number of axes of symmetry that a shape
has – how many different ways can you fold it
onto itself?

 Rotational Symmetry
 The number of ways/times a shape rotates
onto itself

 Total order of symmetry

 Sum of the line and rotational symmetry
 Symmetry of Polygons page 468
Shape No. of axes of Order of Total order of
symmetry rotational symmetry
symmetry
Square

Rectangle

Trapezium
Parallelogram

Rhombus
Arrowhead

Kite
Using symmetry in geometric reasoning

 Calculate the angles marked x and

y. Give reasons for your answer.
y°

x°
104°

Angle Reason
x°=104° isosceles trapezium
y°=76° co-int Ls, // lines add
to 180°
 Similar shapes – Theory Book
 One shape is similar to another if they
have exactly the same shape.
 This means that the ratios of
corresponding sides are exactly the
same. 20cm
42cm

7cm
10cm
14cm
21cm
Triangles
 Triangles are similar if they have the
same angles.
 Explain why these two triangles are
similar.

50°
y°
x°

60° 70° 70°

 Similar triangles
50°
x° y°

60° 70° 70°

 Triangle 1: x = 50°(Ls in a add to 180°)

 Triangle 2: y = 60°(Ls in a add to 180°)
 Both triangles have angles {50°, 60°,
70°} so are similar
 A

D
C

E
B
 Explain why the two triangles ABC and
CDE are similar.
 LBAC = LCED (alt Ls on // lines are equal)
 LABC = LCDE (alt Ls on // lines are equal)
 LACB = LDCE (vert opp Ls are equal)
LA=LE LB=LD LC=LC
ABC is similar to DEC
 Similar sides
These two triangles are similar. Work out the
lengths x and y. T
24cm P

V 60cm R 45cm

30cm
Q
U
TUV is similar to PQR.
 T
24cm P
y
V 60cm R 45cm

30cm x
Q
U
The relationship between the corresponding sides
is: TU = UV = VT
PQ QR RP

Substitute the values that you know into the

equation: 60 = 30 = 24
45 x y

Use your knowledge of algebra to solve for x and

y.
Circle Geometry
 Circles

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

Equal radii radius base Ls, isos

form an , = radii,
isosceles are equal
triangle x° 30o

x° = 30 °
 Circles

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason

When stating that int Ls isos ,

the triangle is
= radii, are
isosceles you
must say how 90o equal
x°
you know this –
because the
radii are equal
x° = 45°
 Circles

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason
The angle
in a semi-circle
semi- L in semi-
circle is circle =
a right 90°
angle
 Circles

• Property • Diagram  Short Reason

An angle drawn
from an arc to
the centre is x° L at centre is
twice as big as twice L at
an angle circumference
50°
drawn from
the same arc
to the
circumference x° = 100°
 Circles

• Property • Diagram  Short

Reason
Angles a° b°
extending to
the Ls on same
circumference
c° arc
from the
same arc are
equal a°= b°
 93o y y = 93o
Opp. angles
cyclic quad.
are supp.
x

x = 87o coint. angles // are supp.

Tangents

A tangent is a line
that touches a circle
at only one point.

The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90o

(tangent ┴ radius )