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Information Technology Project

Management, Seventh Edition

Note: See the text itself for full citations.


 Describe an overall framework for project
integration management as it relates to the other
project management knowledge areas and the
project life cycle
 Discuss the strategic planning process and apply
different project selection methods
 Explain the importance of creating a project charter
to formally initiate projects
 Describe project management plan development,
understand the content of these plans, and review
approaches for creating them

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 Explain project execution, its relationship to project
planning, the factors related to successful results, and
tools and techniques to assist in directing and
managing project work
 Describe the process of monitoring and controlling a
project
 Understand the integrated change control process,
planning for and managing changes on information
technology (IT) projects, and developing and using a
change control system
 Explain the importance of developing and following
good procedures for closing projects
 Describe how software can assist in project integration
management

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 Manajer proyek harus menjadi koordinator
seluruh bidang kajian (knowledge area) pada
setiap siklus hidup proyek
 Banyak manajer proyek baru mengalami kesulitan
melihat “big picture" dan ingin fokus pada detil
terlalu banyak.
 Integrasi manajemen proyek tidak sama dengan
integrasi perangkat lunak

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 Developing the project charter involves working with
stakeholders to create the document that formally
authorizes a project—the charter.
 Developing the project management plan involves
coordinating all planning efforts to create a
consistent, coherent document—the project
management plan.
 Directing and managing project work involves
carrying out the project management plan by
performing the activities included in it.

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 Monitoring and controlling project work involves
overseeing activities to meet the performance
objectives of the project
 Performing integrated change control involves
identifying, evaluating, and managing changes
throughout the project life cycle.
 Closing the project or phase involves finalizing all
activities to formally close the project or phase.

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 Perencanaan strategis meliputi penentuan tujuan
jangka panjang, memprekirakan tren masa depan,
dan memproyeksikan kebutuhan untuk layanan dan
produk baru
 Organisasi sering melakukan analisis SWOT
◦ analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
 Sebagai bagian dari perencanaan strategis,
organisasi:
◦ mengidentifikasi proyek-proyek yang potensial
◦ menggunakan metode yang realistis untuk memilih proyek
yang dikerjakan
◦ memformalkan inisiasi proyek dengan mengeluarkan project
charter

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 Metode untuk memilih proyek meliputi:
◦ berfokus pada kebutuhan organisasi
◦ mengkategorikan proyek teknologi informasi
◦ melakukan net present value atau analisis
keuangan lainnya
◦ menggunakan model weighted scoring
◦ menerapkan balanced scorecard

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 Suatu hal yang sulit untuk memberikan justifikasi
yang kuat untuk banyak proyek IT, tapi semua
orang setuju bahwa ini memiliki nilai yang tinggi
 "Lebih baik mengukur emas secara kasar (kira-
kira) daripada menghitung uang secara tepat"
 Tiga kriteria penting untuk proyek:
◦ Ada kebutuhan untuk proyek tersebut
◦ Ada dana yang tersedia
◦ Ada kemauan yang kuat untuk membuat proyek sukses

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 One categorization is whether the project addresses
◦ masalah
◦ kesempatan, atau
◦ instruksi
 Kategorisasi lain adalah berapa lama waktu yang
dibutuhkan untuk melakukan dan kapan diperlukan
 Lainnya adalah prioritas keseluruhan proyek

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 Pertimbangan keuangan seringkali merupakan
pertimbangan penting dalam memilih proyek
 Tiga metode utama untuk menentukan nilai keuangan
proyek:
◦ Net present value (NPV) analisis
◦ Return on investment (ROI) / Pengembalian investasi
◦ Payback analysis

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 Net present value (NPV) analisis adalah metode
menghitung keuntungan moneter bersih yang
diharapkan atau kerugian dari proyek dengan
diskonto ekspektasi kas masuk dan kas keluar
pada titik waktu tertentu
 Proyek dengan NPV positif harus
dipertimbangkan jika nilai finansial merupakan
kriteria utama
 Semakin tinggi NPV, semakin baik

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Note: See the template called business_case_financials.xls
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 Return on investment (ROI) dihitung dengan
mengurangkan biaya proyek dari keuntungan
dan kemudian membaginya dengan biaya
 ROI = (manfaat total - biaya total) / biaya
 Semakin tinggi ROI, semakin baik
 Banyak organisasi memiliki tingkat
pengembalian yang minimum untuk
mengembalikan nvestasi proyek
 Internal rate of return (IRR) dapat dihitung
dengan mencari tingkat diskonto yang membuat
NPV sama dengan nol

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 Pertimbangan keuangan penting lainnya adalah
analisis pengembalian
 Payback period adalah jumlah waktu yang
diperlukan untuk menutup, dalam bentuk arus
kas bersih, uang yang diinvestasikan dalam
proyek
 Payback terjadi ketika manfaat bersih kumulatif
diskonto sama dengan biaya
 Banyak organisasi ingin proyek IT memiliki
payback period yang cukup singkat

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 Sebuah model weighted scoring adalah alat yang
menyediakan suatu proses yang sistematis untuk
memilih proyek berdasarkan banyak kriteria
◦ Mengidentifikasi kriteria penting untuk proses seleksi
proyek
◦ Menetapkan bobot (persentase) untuk setiap kriteria
sehingga dapat menambahkan hingga 100%
◦ Menetapkan skor untuk setiap kriteria pada setiap proyek
◦ Kalikan skor dengan bobot dan mendapatkan skor total
 Semakin tinggi skor, semakin baik

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 Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton developed
this approach to help select and manage projects
that align with business strategy
 A balanced scorecard
◦ is a methodology that converts an organization’s value
drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational
efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined
metrics
 See www.balancedscorecard.org for more
information

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 Sebuah Project Charter adalah dokumen yang
secara resmi mengakui keberadaan sebuah
proyek dan memberikan arahan pada manajemen
dan tujuan proyek
 Stakeholder proyek utama harus menandatangani
project charter untuk mengakui kesepakatan
tentang kebutuhan dan tujuan proyek; charter
yang ditandatangani merupakan output utama
dari manajemen integrasi proyek

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 A project statement of work
 A business case
 Agreements
 Enterprise environmental factors
 Organizational process assets, which include
formal and informal plans, policies, procedures,
guidelines, information systems, financial systems,
management systems, lessons learned, and
historical information

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 Sebuah rencana manajemen proyek adalah
dokumen yang digunakan untuk
mengkoordinasikan semua dokumen
perencanaan proyek dan membantu membimbing
pelaksanaan dan mengontrol proyek
 Rencana dibuat dalam bidang kajian lainnya
adalah bagian anak perusahaan dari rencana
pengelolaan proyek secara keseluruhan

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 Introduction or overview of the project
 Description of how the project is organized
 Management and technical processes used on
the project
 Work to be done (pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan
oleh anggota proyek), schedule, and budget
information

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 Perencanaan dan pelaksanaan proyek saling
terkait dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam
kegiatannya
 Mereka yang akan melakukan pekerjaan harus
membantu untuk merencanakan pekerjaan
 Manajer proyek harus meminta masukan dari tim
untuk mengembangkan rencana yang realistis

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 Expert judgment: Experts can help project managers and
their teams make many decisions related to project
execution
 Meetings: Meetings allow people to develop relationships,
pick up on important body language or tone of voice, and
have a dialogue to help resolve problems.
 Project management information systems: There are
hundreds of project management software products
available on the market today, and many organizations are
moving toward powerful enterprise project management
systems that are accessible via the Internet
 See the What Went Right? example of Kuala Lumpur’s
Integrated Transport Information System on p. 169

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 Perubahan tidak dapat dihindari pada sebagian
besar proyek, jadi penting untuk mengembangkan
dan mengikuti proses untuk memantau dan
mengontrol perubahan
 Pemantauan pekerjaan proyek meliputi
pengumpulan, pengukuran, dan diseminasi
informasi kinerja proyek
 Sebuah BASELINE adalah rencana pengelolaan
proyek yang disetujui ditambah perubahan yang
juga disetujui

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 Tiga tujuan utama adalah:
◦ Mempengaruhi faktor-faktor yang membuat
perubahan untuk memastikan bahwa perubahan itu
bermanfaat
◦ Menentukan bahwa perubahan telah terjadi
◦ Mengelola secara nyata saat perubahan terjadi

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 Former view: Tim proyek harus berusaha untuk
melakukan apa yang direncanakan tepat waktu
dan sesuai anggaran
 Problem: Stakeholders jarang setuju pada ruang
lingkup proyek, dan waktu dan perkiraan biaya
yang tidak akurat
 Modern view: Manajemen proyek adalah suatu
proses negosiasi dan komunikasi yang konstan
 Solution: Perubahan seringkali menguntungkan,
dan tim proyek harus merencanakan untuknya

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 Sebuah sistem kontrol perubahan adalah sebuah
proses terdokumentasi, formal, yang menjelaskan
kapan dan bagaimana dokumen proyek resmi dan
pekerjaan dapat berubah
 Menggambarkan siapa yang berwenang untuk
melakukan perubahan dan bagaimana
membuatnya

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 Configuration management ensures that the
descriptions of the project’s products are correct
and complete
 Involves identifying and controlling the functional
and physical design characteristics of products
and their support documentation
 Configuration management specialists identify
and document configuration requirements, control
changes, record and report changes, and audit
the products to verify conformance to
requirements
 See www.icmhq.com for more information

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 To close a project or phase, you must finalize all
activities and transfer the completed or cancelled
work to the appropriate people
 Main outputs include
◦ Final product, service, or result transition
◦ Organizational process asset updates

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 Several types of software can be used to assist in
project integration management
◦ Documents can be created with word processing software
◦ Presentations are created with presentation software
◦ Tracking can be done with spreadsheets or databases
◦ Communication software like e-mail and Web authoring
tools facilitate communications
◦ Project management software can pull everything together
and show detailed and summarized information
◦ Business Service Management (BSM) tools track the
execution of business process flows

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Source: www.projectmanager.com
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 Project integration management involves
coordinating all of the other knowledge areas
throughout a project’s life cycle
 Main processes include
◦ Develop the project charter
◦ Develop the project management plan
◦ Direct and manage project execution
◦ Monitor and control project work
◦ Perform integrated change control
◦ Close the project or phase

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1. Write a short paper based on the chapter’s opening case. Answer the
following questions:
 a. What do you think the real problem was in this case?
 b. Does the case present a realistic scenario? Why or why not?
 c. Was Nick Carson a good project manager? Why or why not?
 d. What should top management have done to help Nick?
 e. What could Nick have done to be a better project manager?
2. Download a free trial of MindView mind mapping software from
www.matchware.com/itpm and create a mind map of a SWOT analysis
for your organization. Include at least three strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats, and then provide ideas for at least three
potential projects. Or, you can use your college or university for the
SWOT analysis, focusing on what it can do to improve services for
students.
3. Use spreadsheet software to create Figures 4-4 through Figure 4-7 in
this text. Make sure your formulas work correctly.

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5. Develop an outline (major headings and subheadings only) for a
project management plan to create a Web site for your class, and then
fill in the details for the introduction or overview section. Assume that
this Web site would include a home page with links to a syllabus for
the class, lecture notes or other instructional information, links to the
Web site for this textbook, links to other Web sites with project
management information, and links to personal pages for each
member of your class and future classes. Also, include a bulletin board
and chat room feature where students and the instructor can exchange
information. Assume that your instructor is the project’s sponsor, you
are the project manager, your classmates are your project team, and
you have three months to complete the project.
6. Buat Piagam Poyek sesuai dengan tugas proyek yang anda pilih!

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