Describe an overall framework for project integration management as it relates to the other project management knowledge areas and the project life cycle Discuss the strategic planning process and apply different project selection methods Explain the importance of creating a project charter to formally initiate projects Describe project management plan development, understand the content of these plans, and review approaches for creating them
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 2 Explain project execution, its relationship to project planning, the factors related to successful results, and tools and techniques to assist in directing and managing project work Describe the process of monitoring and controlling a project Understand the integrated change control process, planning for and managing changes on information technology (IT) projects, and developing and using a change control system Explain the importance of developing and following good procedures for closing projects Describe how software can assist in project integration management
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 3 Manajer proyek harus menjadi koordinator seluruh bidang kajian (knowledge area) pada setiap siklus hidup proyek Banyak manajer proyek baru mengalami kesulitan melihat “big picture" dan ingin fokus pada detil terlalu banyak. Integrasi manajemen proyek tidak sama dengan integrasi perangkat lunak
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 4 Developing the project charter involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project—the charter. Developing the project management plan involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document—the project management plan. Directing and managing project work involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 5 Monitoring and controlling project work involves overseeing activities to meet the performance objectives of the project Performing integrated change control involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle. Closing the project or phase involves finalizing all activities to formally close the project or phase.
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 6 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 7 Perencanaan strategis meliputi penentuan tujuan jangka panjang, memprekirakan tren masa depan, dan memproyeksikan kebutuhan untuk layanan dan produk baru Organisasi sering melakukan analisis SWOT ◦ analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Sebagai bagian dari perencanaan strategis, organisasi: ◦ mengidentifikasi proyek-proyek yang potensial ◦ menggunakan metode yang realistis untuk memilih proyek yang dikerjakan ◦ memformalkan inisiasi proyek dengan mengeluarkan project charter
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 8 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 9 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 10 Metode untuk memilih proyek meliputi: ◦ berfokus pada kebutuhan organisasi ◦ mengkategorikan proyek teknologi informasi ◦ melakukan net present value atau analisis keuangan lainnya ◦ menggunakan model weighted scoring ◦ menerapkan balanced scorecard
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 11 Suatu hal yang sulit untuk memberikan justifikasi yang kuat untuk banyak proyek IT, tapi semua orang setuju bahwa ini memiliki nilai yang tinggi "Lebih baik mengukur emas secara kasar (kira- kira) daripada menghitung uang secara tepat" Tiga kriteria penting untuk proyek: ◦ Ada kebutuhan untuk proyek tersebut ◦ Ada dana yang tersedia ◦ Ada kemauan yang kuat untuk membuat proyek sukses
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 12 One categorization is whether the project addresses ◦ masalah ◦ kesempatan, atau ◦ instruksi Kategorisasi lain adalah berapa lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan dan kapan diperlukan Lainnya adalah prioritas keseluruhan proyek
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 13 Pertimbangan keuangan seringkali merupakan pertimbangan penting dalam memilih proyek Tiga metode utama untuk menentukan nilai keuangan proyek: ◦ Net present value (NPV) analisis ◦ Return on investment (ROI) / Pengembalian investasi ◦ Payback analysis
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 14 Net present value (NPV) analisis adalah metode menghitung keuntungan moneter bersih yang diharapkan atau kerugian dari proyek dengan diskonto ekspektasi kas masuk dan kas keluar pada titik waktu tertentu Proyek dengan NPV positif harus dipertimbangkan jika nilai finansial merupakan kriteria utama Semakin tinggi NPV, semakin baik
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 15 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 16 Note: See the template called business_case_financials.xls Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 17 Return on investment (ROI) dihitung dengan mengurangkan biaya proyek dari keuntungan dan kemudian membaginya dengan biaya ROI = (manfaat total - biaya total) / biaya Semakin tinggi ROI, semakin baik Banyak organisasi memiliki tingkat pengembalian yang minimum untuk mengembalikan nvestasi proyek Internal rate of return (IRR) dapat dihitung dengan mencari tingkat diskonto yang membuat NPV sama dengan nol
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 18 Pertimbangan keuangan penting lainnya adalah analisis pengembalian Payback period adalah jumlah waktu yang diperlukan untuk menutup, dalam bentuk arus kas bersih, uang yang diinvestasikan dalam proyek Payback terjadi ketika manfaat bersih kumulatif diskonto sama dengan biaya Banyak organisasi ingin proyek IT memiliki payback period yang cukup singkat
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 19 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 20 Sebuah model weighted scoring adalah alat yang menyediakan suatu proses yang sistematis untuk memilih proyek berdasarkan banyak kriteria ◦ Mengidentifikasi kriteria penting untuk proses seleksi proyek ◦ Menetapkan bobot (persentase) untuk setiap kriteria sehingga dapat menambahkan hingga 100% ◦ Menetapkan skor untuk setiap kriteria pada setiap proyek ◦ Kalikan skor dengan bobot dan mendapatkan skor total Semakin tinggi skor, semakin baik
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 21 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 22 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 23 Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton developed this approach to help select and manage projects that align with business strategy A balanced scorecard ◦ is a methodology that converts an organization’s value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics See www.balancedscorecard.org for more information
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 24 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 25 Sebuah Project Charter adalah dokumen yang secara resmi mengakui keberadaan sebuah proyek dan memberikan arahan pada manajemen dan tujuan proyek Stakeholder proyek utama harus menandatangani project charter untuk mengakui kesepakatan tentang kebutuhan dan tujuan proyek; charter yang ditandatangani merupakan output utama dari manajemen integrasi proyek
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 26 A project statement of work A business case Agreements Enterprise environmental factors Organizational process assets, which include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 27 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 28 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 29 Sebuah rencana manajemen proyek adalah dokumen yang digunakan untuk mengkoordinasikan semua dokumen perencanaan proyek dan membantu membimbing pelaksanaan dan mengontrol proyek Rencana dibuat dalam bidang kajian lainnya adalah bagian anak perusahaan dari rencana pengelolaan proyek secara keseluruhan
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 30 Introduction or overview of the project Description of how the project is organized Management and technical processes used on the project Work to be done (pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan oleh anggota proyek), schedule, and budget information
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 31 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 32 Perencanaan dan pelaksanaan proyek saling terkait dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kegiatannya Mereka yang akan melakukan pekerjaan harus membantu untuk merencanakan pekerjaan Manajer proyek harus meminta masukan dari tim untuk mengembangkan rencana yang realistis
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 33 Expert judgment: Experts can help project managers and their teams make many decisions related to project execution Meetings: Meetings allow people to develop relationships, pick up on important body language or tone of voice, and have a dialogue to help resolve problems. Project management information systems: There are hundreds of project management software products available on the market today, and many organizations are moving toward powerful enterprise project management systems that are accessible via the Internet See the What Went Right? example of Kuala Lumpur’s Integrated Transport Information System on p. 169
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 34 Perubahan tidak dapat dihindari pada sebagian besar proyek, jadi penting untuk mengembangkan dan mengikuti proses untuk memantau dan mengontrol perubahan Pemantauan pekerjaan proyek meliputi pengumpulan, pengukuran, dan diseminasi informasi kinerja proyek Sebuah BASELINE adalah rencana pengelolaan proyek yang disetujui ditambah perubahan yang juga disetujui
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 35 Tiga tujuan utama adalah: ◦ Mempengaruhi faktor-faktor yang membuat perubahan untuk memastikan bahwa perubahan itu bermanfaat ◦ Menentukan bahwa perubahan telah terjadi ◦ Mengelola secara nyata saat perubahan terjadi
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 36 Former view: Tim proyek harus berusaha untuk melakukan apa yang direncanakan tepat waktu dan sesuai anggaran Problem: Stakeholders jarang setuju pada ruang lingkup proyek, dan waktu dan perkiraan biaya yang tidak akurat Modern view: Manajemen proyek adalah suatu proses negosiasi dan komunikasi yang konstan Solution: Perubahan seringkali menguntungkan, dan tim proyek harus merencanakan untuknya
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 37 Sebuah sistem kontrol perubahan adalah sebuah proses terdokumentasi, formal, yang menjelaskan kapan dan bagaimana dokumen proyek resmi dan pekerjaan dapat berubah Menggambarkan siapa yang berwenang untuk melakukan perubahan dan bagaimana membuatnya
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 38 Configuration management ensures that the descriptions of the project’s products are correct and complete Involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation Configuration management specialists identify and document configuration requirements, control changes, record and report changes, and audit the products to verify conformance to requirements See www.icmhq.com for more information
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 39 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 40 To close a project or phase, you must finalize all activities and transfer the completed or cancelled work to the appropriate people Main outputs include ◦ Final product, service, or result transition ◦ Organizational process asset updates
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 41 Several types of software can be used to assist in project integration management ◦ Documents can be created with word processing software ◦ Presentations are created with presentation software ◦ Tracking can be done with spreadsheets or databases ◦ Communication software like e-mail and Web authoring tools facilitate communications ◦ Project management software can pull everything together and show detailed and summarized information ◦ Business Service Management (BSM) tools track the execution of business process flows
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 42 Source: www.projectmanager.com Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 43 Project integration management involves coordinating all of the other knowledge areas throughout a project’s life cycle Main processes include ◦ Develop the project charter ◦ Develop the project management plan ◦ Direct and manage project execution ◦ Monitor and control project work ◦ Perform integrated change control ◦ Close the project or phase
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 44 Information Technology Project Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 45 1. Write a short paper based on the chapter’s opening case. Answer the following questions: a. What do you think the real problem was in this case? b. Does the case present a realistic scenario? Why or why not? c. Was Nick Carson a good project manager? Why or why not? d. What should top management have done to help Nick? e. What could Nick have done to be a better project manager? 2. Download a free trial of MindView mind mapping software from www.matchware.com/itpm and create a mind map of a SWOT analysis for your organization. Include at least three strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and then provide ideas for at least three potential projects. Or, you can use your college or university for the SWOT analysis, focusing on what it can do to improve services for students. 3. Use spreadsheet software to create Figures 4-4 through Figure 4-7 in this text. Make sure your formulas work correctly.
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Management, Seventh Edition Copyright 2014 46 5. Develop an outline (major headings and subheadings only) for a project management plan to create a Web site for your class, and then fill in the details for the introduction or overview section. Assume that this Web site would include a home page with links to a syllabus for the class, lecture notes or other instructional information, links to the Web site for this textbook, links to other Web sites with project management information, and links to personal pages for each member of your class and future classes. Also, include a bulletin board and chat room feature where students and the instructor can exchange information. Assume that your instructor is the project’s sponsor, you are the project manager, your classmates are your project team, and you have three months to complete the project. 6. Buat Piagam Poyek sesuai dengan tugas proyek yang anda pilih!