1.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

A. WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
•Quantitative Research Design as the standard
experimental method or most scientific disciples.

•It is used mathematical and statistical means to

measure results conclusively.

•Most commonly used by physical scientists.

•Excellence way of finalizing results and proving

or disproving a hypothesis.
B.HOW TO DESIGN A QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
Quantitative Design is based on the scientific
method that uses deductive reasoning.

BASIC PROCEDURE OF A QUANTITATIVE

DESIGN ARE:
1st. Make observations about something that is
unknown and investigate current theory
surrounding your problem or issue.

2nd . Hypothesize an explanation for those

observation.
3rd. Make a prediction of outcomes based on
your hypotheses. Formulate a plan to test.

4th . Collect and process your data if your

hypotheses was correct.

5th. Verify your findings. Make a final

conclusions. Present your findings in an
appropriate form for your audience
•Deductive Research approach explores a known
theory or phenomenon and tests if that theory is
valid in a given circumstances .

•Deductive Approach involves formulation of

hypotheses and their subjection to testing during
the research process.
 2. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE

A. WHAT IS SAMPLING?
•Sampling is the process of selection units(e.g.,
people, organization) from a population of
interest. ( Trochim,2006)

• Sampling can be explained as a scientific

principle used to select members of
population to be included in the study.
( Proctor , 2003;Dudovskiy, 2016)
• Population is generally a large collection of
individuals or objects that is the main focus of a
scientific query.

Ex: Senior High School in a school.

• Sample refers to portion or part of the

population that is representative of the
population from which it was selected.

Ex: Senior High School for the track ABM

 SUMMARIZING ADVANTAGE OF
SAMPLING(Brown, 2006)

a. Makes the research of any type and size

manageable .
b. Significantly saves the costs of the research
c. Results in more accurate research findings;
d. Provides an opportunity to process the
information in a more efficient way;
e. Accelerate the speed of primary data
collection. (Dudovskiy, 2016)
SAMPLING METHODS TWO CATEGORIES:

• Probability Sampling every member of

population has known chance of participating in
the study. (Dudovskiy, 2016)

•Non-Probability Sampling the group member are

selected on random manner, therefore not each
population member has a chance to participate in
the study. (Dudovskiy, 2016)
 B. HOW TO EXECUTE THE SAMPLING
METHOD
• Sampling method is a procedure for a selecting
sample members from a population .
-Common sampling methods are: simple random
sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling.

•Sample are the group of people who will

participate in the survey and be able to represent
the population

•Sampling is one basic steps in conducting

surveys, it determines the right and number of
participants in a sample group
C. MOST COMMONLY USED SAMPLING
METHODS:
•Probability Sampling Methods
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multi-Stage Sampling

•Non-Probability Sampling Methods

1. Quota Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3.Volunteer Sampling
4. Convenience Sampling
5. Snowball Sampling
The key benefit of probability sampling methods
is that they guarantee that the sample chosen is
representative of the population . This ensures
that the statistical conclusions will be valid.
(Startrek, 2017)
1. Simple Random Sampling -
The purest form of sampling . It provides
equal chances of being picked for each
member of the target population.

Simple random method has the following

properties:
a. The population consist of N objects.
b. The sample consist of n objects.
c. If all possible samples of n objects are equally
likely to occur.
2. Systematic Random Sampling –
Create a list of every member of the
population . From the list, randomly select the
first sample element from the first element from
the list. (StarTrek, 2017)

For instance, the sample will include the participants

listed in every 10th from the list. That means the 10th ,
20th , 30th and so on will be selected to become the
members of the sample group.

This method is different from simple random

sampling since, every possible sample of n
elements is not likely. (StarTrek, 2017)
3. Stratified Random Sampling-

Involves the use of “stratum”, or a subset of

the target population wherein the members
possess one or more common attribute.

-The population is divided into groups, based on some

characteristic then within each group, a probability
sample(often a simple random sample) is selected.

The group in stratified sampling is called

“strata”
4. Cluster Sampling-
-Every member of the population is assigned to
one. Each group called cluster.

-sample of clusters is chosen, using a

probability method (often simple random
sampling).

-only individuals within sampled cluster are

surveyed.
The difference between cluster sampling and stratified
sampling , the sample includes elements from each
stratum , the sample includes elements from sampled
cluster. (StarTrek, 2017)
5. Multi-stage Sampling-

Select a sample by using combinations of

different sampling methods.

For example , In stage 1, we might use cluster

sampling to choose clusters from a population.
Then, in stage 2, we might use simple random
sampling to select a subset of elements from each
chosen cluster for the final sample.
(StarTrek, 2017)
1.Qouta Sampling-
Identifies strata like stratified sampling, but
it also uses a convenience sampling approach as
the researcher will be the one to choose the
necessary number of participants per stratum.

2.Purposive Sampling-
The researcher select a participants according
to the criteria has set. This only used when you
are confident enough about the
representativeness of the participant regarding
the whole target population.
3. Volunteer Sampling-
Made up of people who self-select into
survey. Often , these folks have a strong interest
in the main topic of the survey.

4. Convenience Sampling-
Made up of people who are easy to reach.
This non-probability method when there are only
a few available members of the target population
who can be the participants in the survey.

4.a. Judgement Sampling- the researcher

select according to their judgements.
5. Snowball Sampling-
It is special non-probability method used
when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It
may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to
locate respondents in these situation.
(StatPac, 2017)

Snowball sample are particularly useful in

hard-to-track populations , such as truants, drug
users, gang members, etc.
(“Sampling Types of Samples,”2017)
D. HOW TO DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE

Sample Size– number of participants.

The sample size can be calculated using the

formula:

where:
n= required sample size
t=confidence level at 95%(standard value of 1.96)
p=estimated prevalence of the variable interest
m=margin of error at 5%(standard value of 0.05)