DRUGS

Drugs are used to cure and prevent diseases.

Drugs interact with lipids, carbohydrates , proteins. They are called
drug targets.
They are divided into different types based on the therapies
administered in them
1.Antimicrobials and Antibiotics
2.Antiseptics
3.Acid antagonists
4.Analgesics
5.Tranquilizers
6.Antihistamines
7.Contraceptive drugs
Antimicrobials and Antibiotics
These treat diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi in humans
and animals.
Antibiotics
They stop the activity or growth of the microorganisms and kill them.
They are synthetic or semi synthetic chemicals.
Antibiotics era began in the 19th century when antibiotic called
Salverson developed by Paul Ehrlich
He was awarded Nobel prize for this invention.
The history of antibiotics took a great turn when Alexander Fleming
extracted penicillin from fungus.
Examples of antibiotics that kill microorganisms are penicillin, ofloxacin.
Examples of antibiotics that inherit microorganisms are Erythromycin,
tetracycline
Chloramphenicol is used in the treatment of typhoid, urinary tract,
Pneumonia.
Antiseptics
They are used in the treatment of body parts prone to injuries, decay of
the skin area.
ANTISEPTICS

Alcohol

Honey, salt, baking soda

Tincture iodine (2-3% iodine solution dissolved in Alcohol-water)

Dettol

Hydrogen peroxide
Disinfectants are used to clean our houses.
Bleaching powder, Chlorine water solution, Sulphur dioxide water
solution.
Dilute hydrogen peroxide solution is used to clean wounds.

ACID ANTAGONISTS
HCl acid produced in the stomach plays an important role in digestion.
If HCl is produced in excess quantities then it causes ulcer.
Baking soda , Aluminium hydroxide , Magnesium hydroxide were used
as acid antagonists.
But those substances only neutralize the acid produced and does not
control acidity.
In modern days drugs such as cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole are
used as anti-acid agents as they control the production of acid.

ANALGESICS
They supress the pain by the way of unconsciousness.
Non addictive analgesics
Aspirin, paracetamol which is used for the treatment of fever.
Aspirin also prevents heart attacks.
There are analgesics of narcotic category. Normal analgesics do not
work when there is excessive pain. In that narcotic family is used.
Morphine, heroin, cocaine are used to reduce excessive pain. If we use
these drugs for long periods of time with excessive dosage we get
addicted to them.
Heroin is the main ingredient of brown sugar is made by the acetylation
of morphine.
Nicotine present in cigarette, caffeine present in tea and coffee also
have an analgesic effect.
Excessive use of those tablets can lead to heart and liver damage.
Atropine is used to reduce pain of eyes.
Tranquilizers
These are anti depressants. These are used for sleep purpose.
Valium, alprazolam, Chlordiazepoxide will reduce depression and helps
in proper sleep.

Antihistamines
Histamine is a chemical which stimulates the formation of pepsin
digestive tract.
It is also a common cause of colds, allergies, nasal closure, asthma
Antihistamines helps to counter histamines.
Examples are Dimotene, Eyedrops, (nasal spray)
Contraceptive drugs
Progesterone and estrogen derivatives are the main components of
these drugs. They are used to regulate the ovulation of ovum.
Norethindrone, Novestrol are examples of contraceptive drugs

Quinine is used for the prevention of malaria.

Zidovudine(ZDV), Azidothymidine (AZT) is used in the treatment of HIV
 SOLVENTS
The properties of various solvents depends on the solute dissolved in
them.
Relative volatile pressure
Elevation in boiling point
Depression in freezing point
Osmotic pressure
Evaporation takes place continuously and vapour is formed when the
vapour pressure on the surface is equal to the atmospheric pressure
the vapour leaves the liquid.
When a solute is added the molecules of the solute occupy the surface
area of the liquid, therefore vapour molecules escape from the surface,
as a result of this the vapour pressure decreases.
Petrol’s vapour pressure is higher when compared to diesel so it
evaporates easily
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
The temperature at which the liquid boils is called boiling point. Water
boils at 100 degrees, but when sugar is added to water the
temperature decreases so water has to boil at higher temperature to
meet the vapour pressure. So the boiling point increases.
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
Water normally freezes at 0 degrees. When sugar is added to it the
freezing point is reduced
Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze.
OSMOSIS
Semi permeable membranes allow only solute molecules to pass
through them. They don’t allow solvent molecules to pass through
them. This process is called osmosis. The pressure applied to stop this
osmosis is called osmotic pressure.
Salt is used to remove the water from mango.
When flowers are put in water, they bloom again.
Blood cells are immobilized in salt water.
Dialysis also involves osmosis

Isotonic solutions
When two solutions have the same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature then they are called isotonic solutions.