SUGAR AND ALCOHOL

Sugar is used in everyday life. It is obtained from sugarcane.

Alcohol is also related to sugar industry.
It is used in the manufacture of Alcoholic drinks.
SUGAR
It is present in the sugarcane in the form of sucrose. It belongs to the
family of carbohydrates.
Sucrose is a disaccharide. It is a mixture of glucose and fructose.

MAKING OF SUGAR
• Sugar cane is taken to the sugar industry immediately after.
harvesting. This is because as the time increases the sugar content in
the sugar cane decreases.
• Here it is cut into small pieces and crushed to take the juice out. The
remaining part is called bagasse
• Bagasse is used in the manufacture of hard paper as a fuel.
• Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide is added to neutralise the acidic sugar
cane juice. This process is called defecation.
• Carbonation is done to remove the impurities.
• SO2(Sulphur dioxide) is further used to remove the impurities. This
also removes the colour of sugar cane juice.
• Sugar crystals formed are separated from the juice by the
concentration of the juice.
• The liquid remaining after the removal of sugar crystals is called
Molasses. It is a by-product of sugar industry.
Alcohol
Fermentation
Alcohol is prepared from molasses by using the method called
fermentation.
Enzymes produced by microorganisms like yeast ,bacteria break down
large molecules into small molecules. This process is called
fermentation.
Ethyl Alcohol
• Yeast is used in the production of ethyl alcohol by the method of
fermentation using molasses.
• There are two enzymes called Invertase and Zymase in the yeast
• Invertase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
• C12H22O11 + H2O → 2C6H12O6
• Zymase then converts glucose into ethyl Alcohol. In this process, CO2
gas is also released.
• C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
• Ammonium sulphate and Ammonium phosphate salts are used for
feeding yeast cells.
• When the level of acid reaches 15-20% the yeast cells die and the
fermentation process stops. This solution is called as wash.
• Distillation is done to obtain 96% alcohol from the wash. This 96%
alcohol obtained is called rectified spirit.
• 100% alcohol is called absolute alcohol.
• Ethyl alcohol mixed with pyridine and methanol is called weird spirit.
Weird spirit can lead to blindness.
• Ethyl Alcohol is also known as the spirit of wine.
• Methyl Alcohol is toxic in nature and it is called wood spirit as it is
produced from the destructive distillation of wood.
Drinks and their sources
Gudumba Black jaggery
Beer barley

Wine Grapes

Rum Molasses

Gin corn

Vodka potato
Alcohol intake in large quantities can damage the nervous system and
liver. It can also lead to cardiovascular diseases.
 CEMENT
Cement is used in the construction of buildings and in modern days it is
also used in the laying roads.
Cement was invented by J.Aspdin. He added a mixture of clay and
limestone and heated it to a high temperature, a powder is formed
which on further addition of water hardens to form a material called
cement.
This is called Portland cement.
• Cement is a mixture of calcium silicates and calcium aluminates. It
also contains a small amount of sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron,
sodium.
• Raw materials used in the manufacture are limestone and clay.
• There are two types of cement
• Wet and dry
• The slurry obtained after mixing is heated in a rotating furnace by
burning coal or gas.
• The material obtained is in the form of hard gray balls called cement
clinkers.
• Gypsum is added to control the setting. If gypsum is not added the
cement gets stiffened immediately after the addition of water.
• Fly ash is being used in the manufacture of cement. Fly ash is the last
remaining part in the thermal power plant. Using fly cash helps in the
reduction of CO2 production.
 Glass
Glass is used for household items. Glass is amorphous in nature. It is
not a true solid. Continuous cooling of the glass increases its viscosity
and makes it a solid.
Glass is called as the coolest liquid.
It is a mixture of sodium silicate, silica and calcium silicate.
Raw materials for glass manufacture are soda ash, limestone, sand
This composite powder of raw materials is called batch.
Glass pieces which are cracked are used to reduce the melting point of
batch.
When the batch is heated to a temperature of 1000 degrees a liquid is
formed which on cooling slowly forms a glass. Slow cooling is done in
order to increase the strength of the glass.
Some oxides and salts are added to give colour to the glass

Chromium oxide Cr2O3 green

Magnesium oxide MgO purple

Copper sulphate CuSO4 blue

Gold chloride red

Cuprous oxide red

The glass is heated with oxyacetylene flame. The air is pumped into the
desired glass. This is called glass blowing.
Perox and borosilicate glasses are ideal for glass blowing.