DCC3113 -

H I G H W AY A N D
TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING
LECTURER’S NAME:
SAPINAH BINTI HADI
C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G D E PA RT M E N T
(LEVEL 0)

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 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction to Highway and Traffic
2. Pavement Materials
3. Construction of Flexible Pavement
4. Construction of Rigid Pavement
5. Flexible Pavement Design
6. Highway Maintenance
7. Transportation Planning
8. Traffic Control Equipment and Road Furniture
9. Junction Design
10. Traffic Management

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ASSESSMENT
 Final Examination Assessment (FE) – 50%
 Coursework Assessment (CA) – 50%

Assessment Percentage (%)

Test(2) 30%

Quiz(1) 5%

Case Study(1) 10%

Presentation(1) 5%

TOTAL 50%

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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
HIGHWAY AND
TRAFFIC

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 SUBTOPIC:
1.1 History of highway construction and road
laws and acts

1.2 Concept of traffic, highway and road laws

and acts in Malaysia

1.3 Concept of road laws and acts of traffic and

transportation

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WHAT IS TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING?
“ Traffic Engineering is an engineering division
which involved planning, geometric design and traffic
operations of roads and highways, road network
maintenance of roads, road drainage, road furniture”

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WHAT IS HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING?
Definition : Highway engineering is an engineering
discipline branching from civil engineering which
involves the design, construction and maintenance
of Highway Systems.

Highway Engineers must take into account future

traffic flows, design of highway
intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment
and design, highway pavement materials and
design, structural design of pavement thickness,
and pavement maintenance.

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 Transportation
• Is the movement of people and
goods from one location to
another.
• Common forms of
transportation include planes,
trains, automobiles, and other
two-wheel devices such as
bikes or motorcycles.
Transportation Engineering
• Is the application of technology
and scientific principles to the
planning, functional design,
operation and management of
facilities for any mode of
transportation in order to
provide for the safe, rapid,
comfortable, convenient,
economical, and
environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods
transport.
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FUNCTIONS OF
TRANSPORTATION

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10
CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURE

Flexible Pavement Structure

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 Rigid
Flexible
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PROFESSION
• Surveyor
• Road and highway engineer
Profession that • Traffic engineer
• Geologist
involve in • Structural engineer
transportation • Hydrologist
construction • Mechanical engineer
• Electrical engineer
of road and • Electronic engineer
highway: • Socialist
• Psychologist
• Architect

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ACT RELATED TO ROAD

a)Road Transport Act 1976

b)Environmental Quality Act 1974

c)Urban and Rural Planning Act 1976

d)Local Government Act 1976 and

Federal Territory Act 1973.

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 a)Road Transpor t Act 1976 rev. 1987

for the regulation of motor

for the protection of third
vehicles and of traffic on roads
An Act to make provision; parties against risks arising out of
and other matters with respect
the use of motor vehicles
to roads and vehicles thereon;

for the co-ordination and

for the co-ordination and
control of means of and facilities
control of means of and facilities for connected purposes.
for construction and adaptation
for transport;
of motor vehicles;

ENACTED by the Seri Paduka

Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong
with the advice and consent of
the Dewan Negara and Dewan
Rakyat in Parliament assembled,
and by the authority.

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Local Authority Parking Notice

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 B)Environmental Quality Act 1974

Environmental Quality Act 1974 came into force on 1 April 1988.

Act relating to the prevention, abatement, control of pollution,
coordinate all activities relating to discharge of wastes into the
environment and enhancement of environment quality.

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 C) Urban And Rural Planning Act 1976

Local authorities responsible for

An act for the proper control
organizing, controlling and
and regulation of town and
planning of land use and building
country planning in peninsular
development in the area, the
Malaysia.
Structure Plan and Local Plan.

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Local Government Act 1976 And Federal Territory
Act 1973.

• An act to revise and consolidate the laws relating to

local government. Local authority area, boundaries
and status of an area declared by the state authority.

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HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF
ROADS

Early
After
Road Roman Modern
Roman
(laterite Road Road
Road
road)

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A)EARLY ROAD (LATERITE
ROAD)
After invention of wheel, animal drawn bullock carts continued
to be popular mode of transport for quiet a long time.

This necessitated providing hard surface for wheeled carts.

The first hard surface was discovered in Mesopotamia at about

3500 B.C.

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 B)ROMAN ROAD
Roman’s developed
very elaborate systems
of roads mainly for the
purpose of military
movements.

• They were very thick. In some places the road was as much as
The main 1.22metres thick.
characteristics of • They were straight
Roman roads were as • They were usually made for military purposes.
• Roads were not built on soft soil formations but on hard
follows: stratum reached after excavation.

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CROSS SECTION OF ROMAN ROAD

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C)AFTER ROMAN ROADS
Pierre John
Tresaguet Metcalf

Thomas John
Telford Macadam

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I.PIERRE TRESAGUET

• He improved the drainage by the formation of

convex.
The main • Thickness of the road was about 30cm.
characteristics • Wearing surface are camber.
• He also emphasised the need for continuous
of Tresaguet’s maintenance of road to keep it in good shape.
design were: • A cross slope of about 1 in 45 was used to be
developed in the road surfaced by adjusting
thickness mainly in top and intermediate layers.

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CROSS SECTION OF PIERRE TRESAGUET

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II.JOHN METCALF

• Drainage is important to
The main maintain strength of road.
characteristics • The strength of road
of John depend to the stability of
Metcalf’s foundation layer. Used
design were: large stone at foundation
layer.

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CROSS SECTION OF JOHN METCALF

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III.THOMAS TELFORD
• Used big sized stones in foundation
wearing from 17-22cm to develop a
firm base.
• Provided cross drains under
The main foundation layer to keep the sub-
grade in dry condition.
characteristics • Level sub-grade on embankment or
of Telford’s cutting was prepared in the required
design were: width.
• It was essential that each stone of the
base course should be laid
perpendicular to the finished surface
or subgrade.

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CROSS SECTION OF THOMAS TELFORD

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IV.JOHN MACADAM
The main characteristics of Macadam’s design were:

Using entirely new concept of road construction.

Recognized the importance of sub-grade compaction and drainage.

Using a broken stone layer of few centimeter thickness can sustain

much heavier load than a thick layer of big size stones.

Size of the aggregate to be used in wearing course was decided

according to requirements of stability under the effect of vehicles.

Subgrade was prepared and compacted to the required width of

the road.

Prepared subgrade was given the same camber, as to be given to

the finished road surface.

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CROSS SECTION OF JOHN MACADAM

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COMPARISON BETWEEN MACADAM AND TELFORD
ROADS.
Telford Road
Roads are costlier.
Subgrade was kept horizontal due to which
drainage of subgrade was not proper.
Used larga sized for foundation. Size of stone
varied from 17cm near egdes to 22cm at the
centre of road.
There have four layers namely foundation layer,
two layers of intermediate coat and 4cm thick
wearing top layer.
Total thickness of road structure was about
40cm
Macadam Road
They were cheaper.
Subgrade was given in 1 in 36 cross slope. This
aspect helped in better subgrade drainage.
A 5cm was the maximum size of the aggregate
used for foundation layer.
There have three layers which is two layers
each of 13cm compacted thickness as
foundation layers and 5cm thick surfacing layer.
Total thickness of road structure was about
25cm.
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HISTORY OF ROAD LAWS IN MALAYSIA

• Road Transport Department (RTD) had been set up on 1937, under

the Traffic Enactment 1937, British Army Law of Federated Malay
States. By that time, the administration was known as Road Transport
Board, performed its function to control and issue the license of good
transportation vehicles manufacturing and public vehicles. Since the
administration of Tanah Melayu on 1st April 1946, the authority of the
board has been replaced by Register Office and Motorcar Inspection
for the whole Tanah Melayu.

• Before 1937, the controlling of motorcars was placed under 4 (four)

Federated Malay States governed by Perak and Selangor District
Police, Chief Inspector of Negeri Sembilan and six (6) District Officer in
Pahang. The controlling was not enforced at Federated Malay States.
Apart 4 (four) states mentioned above, there were 11 (eleven)
separated administration was given the authority of motorized
vehicles until Traffic Enactment 1037 was approved.

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• Due to launching of the department, a road law which was known as
Road Traffic Ordinance 1958, was approved to replace Traffic Enactment
1937. Since the duty of enforcing the laws was very important especially
for commercial vehicles, Enforcement Department had been set up to
carry out the function of enforcement.
• On 1st April 1946, Road Transport Department had been set up
purposely to coordinate all aspects related to transportation of the
nationwide. Accordingly to its existence, various acts related to the roads
transportation have been regulated such as Road Traffic Ordinance 1958
and Road Transport Act 1987. The objectives is to standardize the nation
transportation system increased rapidly in 1980. By each day, RTD getting
loaded with its burden of responsibilities in improving its quality of
service.
• Therefore, restructuring has been done to improve the efficiency in order
to suit the need and current interests. Since there is existence of the
various functions in every department, the various innovations have
been created to improve the quality of efficiency in the services. The era
of 90's showed the rapid development because there was quite a high
demand in the transportation system.

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• RTD is one of the organization under land department of
Ministry of Transport. It is responsible to cater the counter
services for vehicle and driving license and enforces Road
Transport Act 1987 to ensure the quality of good driver and
the road worthiness vehicle. RTD is also an organization that
directly give its services to public and committed to provide
high quality services, managing its income and enforce the
transportation act transparently and effectively.

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CATEGORY OF HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA

Toll Federal Council/city

State Road Rural road
Highway Road Road

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A)TOLL HIGHWAY
• Prepared to continue the path of moving vehicles in and out of
control and involves the interchange, has two land and one
emergency lane.
• Highway maintenance work is under the Federal Government
and implemented by the Malaysia Highway Authority (LLM)
• Have interchanges, especially in the exit path.
• Has two to three lanes and one emergency lane.
• Rest and reaction facilities, places of refuge for motorcyclists
shelter when it rains, the emergency phone and other.

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B)FEDERAL ROAD
• The ordinance is enacted under the Federal Roads.
• Linking the state capital, airport, railway station and ports.
• There is 3 way:
– Federal Road 1, Kangar – JB
– Federal Road 2, KL – Kuantan
– Federal Road 3,Kuantan – Kota Bahru.
• Federal government is responsible for maintaining this road.
• Maintenance work done through the State Public Work
Department and paid by the federal government.

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C)STATE ROAD
• Is the branches of the federal route to connect the cities
and towns.
• Work on state maintenance is the duty of the State
Government and implemented by the State Public Works
Department.(PWD)

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D)COUNCIL/CITY ROAD
• Roads within the jurisdiction of local authorities such as
the Town Council, City Council, District Council.
• Where is the ability of local council workers is limited, so
maintenance work can be carried out by PWD District.
• Branch of the state road.

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 E)RURAL ROAD
• Road are not paved with gravel if the lower specification
• Under the jurisdiction of the District Office.
• Road types of land.
• The maintenance work is the responsibility of the District
Office.

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 AGENCIES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN HIGHWAY AND
ROADS:

Road and Highway

Road Laws and Acts Traffic Transportation
construction
•Public Work Department •Jabatan Alam Sekitar •Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan •Lembaga Pelesenan
(JKR), Malaysia Highway Pengangkutan Jalan
Authority(LLM),
Town/City/District/Local
Council, Highway Planning
Unit,

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SUMMARY OF THE FUNCTION GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN ROAD
AND TRANSPORT ADMINISTRATION

Function Department/agency involved

Planning, financing, and control of road Economic Planning Unit

construction Highway Planning Unit
Design, construction and maintenance of Public work Department
roads and highways Malaysian Highway Authority
Road licensing Road Transport Department
Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board
Control and enforcement State Police
Road Transport Department
Road Safety Road Safety Council
Preservation of environment Department of Environment.
Town and country planning Department of town and country planning

Providing urban traffic facilities Local Authorities

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IMPORTANT/PURPOSE OF THE
INTRODUCTION OF ACTS RELATED TO
ROADS

• An Act to provide for the safety of Malaysia, preventive detention, the

prevention of subversion, elimination of organized violence against
persons and property in certain areas in Malaysia, and for matters
incidental thereto.

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IMPORTANT OF ACT ENFORCEMENT ASPECT
RELATED TO ROADS AND ROAD LAWS

• To change the mentality of road user has tough and arrogant on the
road.
• To reduce the rate of road accidents and fatalities
• Improvement approaches or methods of operation.

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ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974

• Air
• Sound

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EXCERCISE

1. List five(5) infrastructure used in transportation field in our

country.
2. State five(agencies) that are involved in highway construction.

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