MODULE 2 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu

dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%&
'khr Ja`[kyk ra= fcgkj
¼dksYM psu flLVe½

oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj

 1 dksYM pSu D;k gS \
2 oSDlhu ls¶Vh
3 Rkki ds izrh laosnu’khy oSDlhu
4 dksYM ds izrh laosnu’khy oSDlhu
5 dksYM pSu eksuhVjhax
6 oh0oh0,e dh tkWp

7 dksYM ls [kjkc oSDlhu dh tkWp

8
oSDlhu lgh j[k&j[kko ,oa |ksyd dk
mi;ksx
dksYM pSu D;k gS \
dksYM psu HkaMkj.k ,oa ifjogu dh dfM;ksa ls cuus okyh
J`a[kyk gSA ;s lHkh dfM;kW oSfDlu ds fuekZ.k LFky ls
ykHkkFkhZ dks igwWpk, tkus rd fu/kkZfjr rkieku ij j[kus ds fy,
fodflr
dksYM dhpsu
xbZdh
gSA
izeq[k ckrs:
 dk;ZdrkZ: oSfDlu HkaMkj.k] forj.k rFkk dksYM psu j[k&j[ko ds
fy,A
 midj.k: HkaMkj.k ,oa ifjogu ds fy,A
 izfØ;k,a: ;g lqfuf’pr djuk dh oSfDlu mfpr rkieku ij j[kh] ykbZ
,oa ys tkbZ x;h gSA

3 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj

dksYM pSu D;k gS \

oSDlhu gokbZ ;krk;kr izkFkfed HkaMkj Okrkuqdqfyr jkT; oSfDlu bUlqysVsM

fuekZrk (+2° to 8°C & (GMSD ,oa jkT;) oSDlhu Hkku HkaMkj oSfDlu Hkku
-15° to -25°C) WIC (+2° to 8°C) & (+2° to 8°C & WIC (+2° to 8°C) & (+2° to 8°C &
WIF (-15° to -25°C) -15° to -25°C) WIF (-15° to -25°C) -15° to -25°C)

ykHkkFkhZ mi dsUnz ,oa oSfDlu dSfj;j iz[k.M oSfDlu bUlqysVsM ftyk oSfDlu HkaMkj
Vhdkdj.k l= (+2° to 8°C) HkaMkj oSfDlu Hkku ILR (+2° to 8°C) &
ILR +2° to 8°C (+2° to 8°C) DF (-15° to -25°C)
lHkh oSDlhu
vkbZ,yvkj esa
4 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
oSfDlu lqj{kk
oSfDlu viuh dk;Z {kerk [kks nsrh gS ;fn%
 xehZ ls %& ;wvkbZih ds varxZr bLrseky
oSfDlu xehZ esa +8°C ls T;knk rki ijA

 B.M ls %& fgisVkbfVl ch] isaVkosysaV]

vkbZihoh] MhihVh rFkk VhVh oSDlhu dks
T;knk B.M esa <+2°C ½ j[kus ijA

 jks’kuh ls %& chlhth rFkk feftYl oDSlhu

dkss /kwi esa j[kus ijA
5 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 xehZ ds izfr laosnu’khy oSfDlu
 chlhth ¼?kksyus ds ckn½
xehZ ds izfr laosnu'khy
lokZf/kd  vksihoh ,oa jksVk ok;jl oSDlhu
gksus ds vykok chlhth
laosnu'khy  vkbZihoh
rFkk feftYl ¼[kljk½  [kljk ¼?kksyus ds igys vkSj ckn
oSfDlu izdk'k ¼/kwi½ nksuks½
ds izfr Hkh laosnu'khy  tsbZ ¼?kksyus ds igys vkSj ckn
gksrh gSA blhfy, mUgsa nksuks½
xgjs Hkwjs jax dh 'kh'kh  MhihVh
esa j[kk tkrk gSA  chlhth ¼?kksyus ds igys½
de  VhVh
laosnu'k  isaUVkosysaV
hy  fgisVkbfVl ch
xehZ ds dkj.k oSfDlu dh xq.koÙkk esa tks deh vkrk gS] mls
iqu% B.Ms rkieku esa j[kus ij Hkh okil ugha fd;k tk ldrk
6 gSAfcgkj
oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%&
 B.M ds izfr laosnu’khy oSfDlu
lokZf/kd
laosnu'khy

fgisVkbfVl ch
isaUVkosysaV
vkbZihoh
MhihVh
de
laosnu'kh VhVh
y
fÝftax ds izHkko dks nwj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Ýhftax ls oSfDlu [kjkc gks tkrk
gSA
7 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 'khr J`a[kyk fuxjkuh

 dksYM psu midj.k Bhd ls dke dj jgk gSA

 oSfDlu rFkk vU; lkeku dh le; ls vkiwfrZA

 lq>k, x, Hk.Mkj.k rkieku ij j[kj[kkoA

 BaM ;k xehZ dh otg ls ,d ckj gqvk uqdlku

LFkkbZ gksrk gS] rFkk oSfDlu dh {kerk dks
okil ugha yk;k tk ldrkA vkbZliSd ds xM~<s esa chlhth ,oa feftYl
oSDlhu j[ksa

8 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj

 xehZ ls [kjkc gq, oSDlhu dk ekSfuVfjax
- VVM
 ohoh,e xksys ds :i esa ,d ,slk fu'kku gS ftles xehZ ds izfr
laosnu'khy inkFkZ gksrk gSA bls oSfDlu fuekZ.k LFky ls Vhdkdj.k l=z
rd ds chp oSDlhu xehZ ds lEidZ esa vkus ls gq, ifjorZu dks ns[kus ds
fy, oSfDlu dh 'kh'kh ds Åij yxk;k tkrk gSA
 le; rFkk rki ds la;qDr izHkko ls oSfDlu okW;y eksfuVj dk pkSdksj
Hkkx LFkkbZ :i ls xgjs jax esa cny tkrk gSA
 ohoh,e oSfDlu dh {kerk dks ugha ekirk gS ysfdu yECks le; rd
xehZ esa jgus dh fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA oSfDlu ok;y ekWfuVj B.M
esa jgus dks ugha ekirk gS ftlds dkj.k B.M ls [kjkc oSfDlu dk Hkh
ohoh,e lgh fn[krk gSaA
fdlh Hkh oSfDlu okW;y dks [kksyus ds igys ohoh,e dks vo'; ns[k ysuk
pkfg,A
9 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 ohoh,e dh ekWfuVfjax
mi;ksxh voLFkk vuqi;ksxh voLFkk


ohoh,e dh LVst dks i<+uk
O  xksys esa vUnj okyk oxkZdkj
¼pkSdksj½ fgLlk vkSj ckgjh xksykdkj
xksys esa vUnj okyk oxkZdkj fgLlk fgLlk leku jax esa gS rks oSfDlu
ckgj ds xksy {ks= ls gYdk jgrk gS bLrseky u djsaA
rFkk ,Dlikbjh rkjh[k vHkh ugha  ;fn vUnj okys oxkZdkj fgLls dk jax ckgjh
fudyh gS rks &oSfDlu bLrseky fd;k xksykdkj fgLls ls xgjk gS rks oSfDlu
10 tkrk gSA,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& bLrseky
oSfDlu fcgkj u djsa
 oSfDlu Ýhftax ds eq[; dkj.k%
 vkbZl ykbUM jsfÝftjsVj esa Bhd izdkj ls
Hk.Mkj.k u djuk
 B.Mk ekSle rFkk vkl&ikl dk rkieku 0ºC ls
de gksuk
 fcuk vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd ds lkFk
Hk.Mkj.k rFkk ifjogu djukA
 nks"kiw.kZ vkbZl ykbUM jsfÝftjsVj dk
gksukA
 vizf'kf{kr dk;ZdrkZ }kjk oSDlhu ,oa
dksYM psu dk ns[kHkky fd;k tkukA
 xyr FkeksZLVsV dk ,MtLVesaVA
11 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 Ýhftax dks nwj djus ds fy, mik;%
 vkbZl ykbUM jsfÝftjsVj dh Vksdjh esa 'khr laosnu'khyrk Øe
ds vuqlkj oSfDlu dks j[ksaA
 vksihoh] chlhth] feftYl] tsbZ dk LVkWd u gksus ;k lhfer
LVkWd gksus ;k oSfDlu j[kus ds fy, Vksdjh u gksus dh fLFkfr
esa Ýht lsfUlfVo oSfDlu dks vkbZ,yvkj dh ryh ij [kkyh
vkbZliSd dh nks lrg j[kus ds ckn ml ij oSfDlu j[ksa ysfdu vxj
oSfDlu j[kus ds fy, Vksdjh gS rks mls gh bLrseky djsaA
 vxj vkb,yvkj eas cQZ cu pqdh gS rks mls dqN le; rd fLop
cUn djds MhÝkLV djsaA vkbZ,yvkj esa nhokjksa ij cQZ ugha
teuh pkfg, vkSj cQZ gS Hkh rks ;g 5 fe-eh- ¼vk/kk vaxqy½ ls
T;knk ugha gksuh pkfg,A
12 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 Ýhftax dks nwj djus ds fy, mik;%
 dsoy vudwfyr vkbZl iSd ds lkFk gh oSfDlu yk;sa ;k ys tk,A

 lHkh oSfDlu dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZvksa dks mfpr izf'k{k.k

t#jh gSA

 FkeksZLVsV lsfVax dksYM psu Vsduhf'k;u }kjk dh tkuh

pkfg,A

 oSfDlu MCcksa ds chp eas ,;j ldZZqys'ku ds fy, [kkyh txg

NksMasA
13 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 tes gq, oSDlhu dh tkWp djuk
 vxj Ýht lsaflfVo oSfDlu tedj Bksl gks

'ksd VsLV esa

mÙkh.kZ
xbZ gS rks bLrseky u djsaA
 ;fn teus okyk ladsrd ¼bafMdsVj½ ;k
FkekZehVj dk rkieku < 0ºC fn[kk jgk gS rks
rqjar 'ksd VsLV djsaA
 izHkkjh fpfdRlkf/kdkjh ds lkFk lykg
e'kfojk djds lHkh 'khf'k;ksa esa ls dksbZ

'ksd VsLV esa

,d 'kh'kh ysdj 'ksd VsLV djsaA

Qsy
 teus ds LiLV dkj.k ds ckjs esa lqijobtj
dks lqfpr djsaA
 vkbZihoh oSDlhu dk 'ksd VsLV ugha
fd;k tkrk gSA
14 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj
 oSfDlu dk lgh Hk.Mkj.k ,oa ?kksyd dk bLrseky
 dsoy oSfDlu fuekZrk }kjk oSfDlu ds lkFk Hksts x;s
Mk;yw,UV dk gha mi;ksx djsa] D;ksfd mUgs oSfDlu dh
ek=k ,oa xq.k ds vuqlkj fo’ks"k #i ls rS;kj djds Hkstk tkrk
gSA
 Mk;yw,.V ¼?kksyd½ dks vafre dksYM psu fcUnq ij
vkbZ,yvkj esa j[kuk pkfg,A
 vkbZ,yvkj esa txg dh deh gks rks Mk;yw,.V dks dksYM
psu ds ckgj j[kk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu de ls de 24 ?kaVs igys
Mk;yw,.V dks vkbZ,yvkj esa j[kuk t:jh gSA ftlls fd ?kksyrs
le; nksuks dk rkieku +2°C ls +8°C ds chp gksA

15 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj

 oSfDlu dk lgh Hk.Mkj.k ,oa ?kksyd dk bLrseky

nksuks dk rkieku ,d leku ugha jgus ij rkih; ?kkr

¼FkeZy 'kkWd½ iSnk dj ldrk gSA FkeZy 'kkWd dh
fLFkfr esa oSDlhu esa mifLFkr dqN ;k lHkh vko';d
thfor ok;jl ;k cSDVhfj;k vFkkZr~ thok.kq ej tkrs gSaA

l= ij oSDlhu ykrs o ys tkrs le; Mk;yw,.V dks oSDlhu ds

lkFk gh oSDlhu dSfj;j esa j[ksa] ysfdu MªkWij dks
oSDlhu dSfj;j ds vUnj u j[kksA

16 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj

 lkjka'k
 dksYM psu lq>k, x, rkieku ij fuekZrk ls bLrseky
ikWp izdkj ds oSfDlu
djus okys dsUnz rd oSfDlu Hk.Mkj.k rFkk ifjogu dks dksYM psu esa
dh iz.kkyh gSA ,DlikbZjh rkjh[k fudy
dHkh ukj[ksaA
pqdh gSA
 fuekZrk ls ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, bLrseky gksus rd
 oSfDlu tks te x;h gS
ds chp izHkkoh dksYM psu dk j[k j[kko vR;ar  'ksd VsLV Qsy gks x;k
vko';d gSA gS
 ,d ckj xehZ ;k teus ls oSfDlu dh {kerk [kRe gks  ohoh,e vuqi;ksxh gks
tkrh gS rks og jksxksa ls ykHkkFkhZ dh lqj{kk  oSDlhu [kqyus ds 28
fnu fudy pqdk gksA
ugha dj ldrhA mUgsa mi;ksx djus ij çfrdwy
?kVuk,a gks ldrh gSaA
 oSfDlu dh {kerk ,d ckj [kRe gksus ij dHkh Hkh
okil ugha ykSV ldrhA
 [kjkc gks pqdh oSfDlu dks dHkh bLrseky u djsa
17 D;ksafd,oa;gdksYM
oSfDlu ykHkkFkhZ dks fcekjh
psu dk;ZdrkZ ls lqj{kkfcgkj
izf’k{k.k%& iznku
 (d`I;k viuk lq{kko fQMcSd izi= esa nsa)

18 oSfDlu ,oa dksYM psu dk;ZdrkZ izf’k{k.k%& fcgkj