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Realistic Equations of State 2
Realistic Equations of State 2
Compiled by:
Gan Chin Heng / Shermon Ong
07S06G / 07S06H
How are states represented?
Diagrammatically (Phase diagrams)
Pressure
Solid
Liquid
Critical point
Triple point
Gas
Temp
How are states represented?
Mathematically
Using equations of state
Relate state variables to describe property of
matter
Examples of state variables
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Equations of state
Mainly used to describe fluids
Liquids
Gases
A
Avogadro’s Law
Boyle’s Law
B
Charles’ Law
C
Avogadro’s Law
At constant temperature and pressure
Volume of gas proportionate to amount of gas
i.e. V n
pV = nRT
Assumptions
Scientific ORLY?
community
YARLY!
Van der Waals Equation
Modified from ideal gas equation
Accounts for:
Non-zero volumes of gas particles (repulsive
effect)
Attractive forces between gas particles
(attractive effect)
Van der Waals Equation
Attractive effect
Pressure = Force per unit area of container
exerted by gas molecules
Dependent on:
Frequency of collision
Force of each collision
n
2
p + a [V-nb] = nRT
V
OR
a
p + 2 [Vm -b] = RT
Vm
Van der Waals Equation -> So
what’s the big deal?
Real world significances
Constants a and b depend on the gas identity
Relative values of a and b can give a rough
comparison of properties of both gases
Van der Waals Equation -> So
what’s the big deal?
Value of constant a
Gives a rough indication of magnitude of
intermolecular attraction
Usually, the stronger the attractive forces, the higher
is the value of a
Some values (L2 bar mol-2):
Water: 5.536
HCl: 3.716
Neon: 0.2135
Van der Waals Equation -> So
what’s the big deal?
Value of constant b
Gives a rough indication of size of gas molecules
Usually, the bigger the gas molecules, the higher is
the value of b
Some values (L mol-1):
Benzene: 0.1154
Ethane: 0.0638
Helium: 0.0237
Critical temperature and
associated constants
Critical temperature?
Given a p-V plot of a
real gas…
At higher temperatures
T3 and T4, isotherm
resembles that of an
ideal gas
Critical temperature?
At T1 and V1, when gas volume
decreased, pressure increases
From V2 to V3, no change in
pressure even though volume
decreases
Condensation taking place and
pressure = vapor pressure at T1
Pressure rises steeply after V3
because liquid compression is
difficult
Critical temperature?
At higher temperature T2,
plateau region becomes shorter
At a temperature Tc, this
‘plateau’ becomes a point
Tc is the critical temperature
Volume at that point, Vc =
critical volume
Pressure at that point, Pc =
critical pressure
Critical temperature
At T > Tc, gas can’t be compressed into
liquid
At Tc, isotherm in a p-V graph will have a
point of inflection
1st and 2nd derivative of isotherm = 0
We shall look at a gas obeying the Van der
Waals equation
VDW equation and critical
constants
Using VDW equation,
we can derive the
following
a
p + 2 [Vm -b] = RT
Vm
RT a
p= - 2
Vm -b Vm
VDW equation and critical
constants
At Tc, Vc and Pc, it’s a
point of inflexion on p-
Vm graph
dp
0
dVm T
d p
2
2
0
dVm T
VDW equation and critical
constants
dp RT 2a
3
dVm T (Vm b) Vm
2
d2 p 2 RT 6a
2
4
dVm T (Vm b) Vm
3
Rearranging...
a 8a
Vm,c = 3b; pc = 2
; Tc =
27b 27Rb
pc Vm,c 3
Zc = =
RTc 8
VDW equation and critical
constants
Qualitative trends
As seen from formula, bigger molecules decrease
critical temperature
Stronger IMF increase critical temperature
Usually outweighs size factor as bigger molecules have
greater id-id interaction
Real values:
Water: 647K
Oxygen: 154.6K
Neon: 44.4K
Helium: 5.19K
Compressibility Factor
Compressibility Factor
Recall Z plot?
Z = pVm / RT; also
called the
compressibility factor
Z should be 1 at all
conditions for an ideal
gas
Compressibility Factor
For real gases, Z not
equals to 1
Z = Vm / Vm,id
Implications:
Athigh p, Vm > Vm,id,
Z>1
Repulsive forces
dominant
Compressibility Factor
At intermediate p, Z <
1
Attractive forces
dominant
More significant for
gases with significant
IMF
Boyle Temperature
Z also varies with temperature
At a particular temperature
Z = 1 over a wide range of pressures
That means gas behaves ideally
Obeys Boyle’s Law (recall V 1/p)