POWER SYSTEM PLANNING

BY
Dr. V.C.Veera Reddy(Rtd),
Professor & Head, Dept.of EEE,
S.V.U.College of Engineering,
TIRUPATI-517 502.
E-mail : veerareddy_vc@yahoo.com
Phone : 0877-2249988,9849409094
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY

DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGIES

(i) Coal- Chemical Energy –Thermal power
(ii) Water- Hydro Power
(iii) Geo-Thermal power etc
Advantages of Electrical Energy
Transmission efficiency high and can be
transported to any where.
Easy and quick conversion of Energy and
opposition is required in generator etc
Amplification and attenuation is possible
All electronic gadgets work on electrical
energy only
Remote Control & environmental friendly
 Indian Per Capita
Consumption
The per capita consumption of power in
the country in 2005-06 as calculated by
the Central Electricity Authority has been
about 631 Kilowatt Hours
The National Electricity Policy envisages
that the per capita availability of
electricity will be increased to over 1000
units by 2012
Name of the State /U.T.s - Per Capita
Consumption* of Electricity (kWh)
NR
Haryana - 1090.39
Himachal Pradesh - 765.86
Jammu & Kashmir - 711.01
Punjab - 1436.79
Rajasthan - 572.20
Uttar Pradesh - 311.82
Uttarakhand - 654.84
Chandigarh - 1553.96
Delhi - 1766.94
Sub-Total(NR) - 602.56
 WR
Gujarat - 1283.77
Madhya Pradesh - 580.34
Chhattisgarh - 685.81
Maharashtra - 934.43
Goa - 1970.08
Daman & Diu - 8300.12
D. & N Haveli - 11567.67

Sub-Total(WR) - 916.28
 SR
Andhra Pradesh - 723.10
Karnataka - 720.43
Kerala - 424.13
Tamil Nadu - 976.81
Lakshadweep - 368.29
Pondicherry - 2509.25

Sub-Total(SR) - 757.79
 ER
Bihar - 85.86
Jharkhand - 548.74
Orissa - 633.93
West Bengal - 380.61
A.& N. Islands - 407.77
Sikkim - 429.81
Sub-Total(ER) - 332.21
 NER
Assam - 170.65
Manipur - 215.21
Meghalaya - 517.54
Nagaland - 179.34
Tripura - 190.62
Arunachal Pradesh - 297.66
Mizoram - 250.15

Sub-Total(NER) - 201.44
Per Capita Consumption of other
Countries
As per International Energy Agency for the year 2004
in kWh

Canada --------- 17179

USA -------------- 13338
Australia ------- 11126
Japan ----------- 8076
France ---------- 7689
Germany ------- 7030
U K---------------- 6206
Russia ----------- 5642
Italy --------------- 5644
 INDIAN POWER SECTOR- A PROFILE

Indian Power Sector :-

Installed capacity – 1,07,000 MW (Thermal-76%,
Hydro-23%, Nuclear-1%)
Peak Demand – 82,000 MW
Transmission lines - 5 Million Ckt. kms
Regional Grids – 5
National Grid under progress
Growth Rate of energy– 9% per annum
 Andhra Pradesh
THERMAL: 5093 MW (2800)
HYDRO: 3829 MW (410)
WIND: 2 MW
SOLAR: 1 MW
Total: 8925 MW (3210 MW under
construction)
Demand : 14000 MW (approx)
ENERGY LOSSES
 NEED FOR NATIONAL GRID
 Uneven disposition of Natural resources
- Coal reserves concentrated in Eastern region
- Hydro potential mainly in North Eastern & Northern
region
 Establishment of large sized pit head stations to achieve
economy of scale
 Load Centers located at distant locations in Northern,
Western & Southern regions
 Constraints on Right-of-Way (ROW)
 Flexible & high capacity transmission system required for
power transfer to different regions
Future Transmission – Strategy
Change in approach from Regional concept to
National Planning
 Bulk power transmission over long distances
 Transmission development at National level
 Establishment of sufficient no. of
inter-regional links inter-connecting
different regions

Need to develop vast transmission network across

the country and also interconnect different regions
with high capacity transmission lines to form a
National Grid
15
 Power Transmission System is
Characterized depending on the voltage
levels

TRANSMISSION 765 kV,400kV, 220kV and 132kV

351 ckm route of the Sipat-Seoni EHV transmission line
connects Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh (1500 MVA)
SUB-TRANSMISSION 132kV AND 33kV
DISTRIBUTION 33kV, 11kV AND LT

16
 MAIN OBJECTIVE OF UTILITY IS TO SUPPLY
RELIABLE, GOOD QUALITY OF ELECTRIC
ENERGY TO CONSUMERS

• IT IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE
• PROPER FREQUENCY -----
ACTIVE POWER CONTROL

• GOOD VOLTAGE PROFILE ----

REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
17
CHANDRAPUR SUPER THERMAL POWER
STATION is the biggest pit head Thermal Power
Station of the Maharashtra State Electricity
Board and the Giants in India among all state
 MAJOR INTER REGIONAL LINKS-8000 MW CAPCITY
220kV
Sahupuri Dehri 220kV Salakati
Birpara

Northernn Sasaram North-eastern

Bongaigaon
500MW Malda
400kV
Gorakhpur/
Auraiya Singrauli
Lucknow

500MW
Eastern
220kV

220 kV
Malanpur Vindhyachal Korba Budhipadar

Western
Raipur Rourkela
400kV
Kolhapu Chandrapur Jeypor Talcher Balimela
r
e

1000MW 500MW 2500MW

220kV
220kV

Belgaum Ramagundam Gazuwaka Kolar Upper

Sileru
Southern
 MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

Jammu

23,000MW

Ludhiana
53,000MW

SIKKIM
NR Delhi NEPAL
1,700MW

BHUTAN
Partabpur
RAPP Jaipur Guwahati
Lucknow CHICKEN
NECK NER

AR
Patna BANGLA

MM
DESH
Vindhyachal ER

AN
MY
Gandhinagar
Kolkata
Indore Bhopal Korba
Pipavav
WR Talcher/Ib Valley
Raipur Bhubaneswar
Tarapur
Mumbai
Vizag
LEGEND
Simhadri
Hyderabad Generation Load-Centre

SR Coal
Kaiga Krishnapatnam

Ennore Hydro
Bangalore South Madras
Kozhikode
Mangalore Chennai
Cuddalore Lignite

Coastal
Kayamkulam
Thiruvananthapuram
Kudankulam
COLOMBO Nuclear
SRI LANKA
 DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID

PHASE-I

NR
AURAIYA NER
500 500 BONGAIGAON
MALANPUR MW MW BIRPARA
MALDA
SASARAM
SAHUPURI
DEHRI
VINDHYACHAL
KORBA
ER
BUDHIPADAR

CHANDRAPUR

WR 1000
MW
BALIMELA
500
KOLHAPUR MW
U.SILERU
GAZUWAKA

EXISTING UNDER
BELGAUM CONST.
HVDC back-to-back
400 kV

220 kV
SR
LA

ANDAMA
NICOBA
KS
HA
DW

N&
R
EE
P
 DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID

URI
WAGOORA
DULHASTI

RAVI SATLUJ
Phase – II & III
KISHENPUR

JULLANDHAR

MOGA TEHRI CHICKEN NECK

BALLABGARH A'PUR
(DELHI RING)

HISSAR
MEERUT
BHUTAN DIHANG DAMWE
TALA RANGANADI
BEARILLY TEESTA
M'BAD LUCKNOW
KATHAL-
NR JAIPUR BHIWADI
AGRA
G'PUR
M'PUR
BONGAIGAON GURI
MARIANI
ALLAHABAD
/UNNAO VARANASI PURNEA
SHIROHI MISA
MALANPUR SILIGURI/BIRPARA
250 SINGRAULI BADARPUR
0M BARH
W 500MW
KAHALGAON TIPAIMUKH
ZERDA VINDHYA- B'SHARIF
DEHGAM NAGDA SATNA CHAL
NORTH
MAITHON
NER
BINA
LIMBDI GANDHAR/ SIPAT KARANPURA JAMSHEDPUR BANGLA
SEONI
AMRELI KAWAS DESH
JETPUR CHEGAON ROURKELA
KORBA
VAPI BHANDARA RAIPUR ER
HIRMA
PIPAVAV TARAPUR AKOLA
BOISAR WARDA
PADGHEAMRAVATI CHANDRAPUR TALCHER
1000MW JEYPORE
DHABOL
WR
LONIKAND
PARLI

KOYNA
KARAD
RAMAGUNDAM
W GAZUWAKA
M
00
KOLHAPUR SR 20

VIJAYAWADA
W

PONDA NARENDRA
M
00
20

KAIGA SIRSI
KRISHNAPATNAM

CHITTOOR
BANGALORE
MYSORE
HOSUR SOUTH CHENNAI
SINGARPET LEGEND
KOZHIKODE PUGALUR
CUDDALORE EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL XI PLAN
LA

SALEM IX PLAN GRID

COCHIN
KS

KARAIKUDI 765 KV LINES

HA

KAYAMKULAM
KAYATHAR 400 KV LINES
DW

TRIVANDRUM
HVDC B/B
EE

KUDANKULAM
HVDC BIPOLE
P

765 KV LINES IN X PLAN. TO BE CHARGED AT 400KV INITIALLY

TO BE CHARGED AT 765 KV UNDER NATIONAL GRID
 Demand - Supply Scenario –
2006-07 & 2012

Projected Peak Demand (As per 16th EPS)

2006-07 - 1,15,000 MW
2011-12 - 1,57,000 MW

Capacity addition envisaged –

In 10th Plan - 45,000 MW
In 11th Plan - 55,000 MW
(Approx. 10000 MW Capacity Addition per
23 Year)
 Studies Required for Power
System Planning
Load Flow Studies
Fault Studies
Stability Studies
(i) Rotor Angle Stability
(ii) Voltage stability
 The Load Flow Studies

What is load flow?

Information available from load flow.
What is the purpose of load flow.
Frames of references –Formation of YBus.
Load flow equations.
Need for bus classification.
Non-linear Equations – Iterative methods.
Methods of analysis- Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson,
Decoupled and Fast Decoupled methods.
 The Power Flow Problem

Power flow analysis is fundamental to the study of power

systems.
In fact, power flow forms the core of power system analysis.
power flow study plays a key role in the planning of additions
or expansions to transmission and generation facilities.
A power flow solution is often the starting point for many other
types of power system analyses.
In addition, power flow analysis is at the heart of contingency
analysis and the implementation of real-time monitoring
systems.
 Problem Statement

For a given power network, with known complex

power loads and some set of specifications or
restrictions on power generations and voltages, solve
for any unknown bus voltages and unspecified
generation and finally for the complex power flow in the
network components.
Network Structure
 Power Flow Study Steps

1. Determine element values for passive network

components.
2. Determine locations and values of all complex power
loads.
3. Determine generation specifications and constraints.
4. Develop a mathematical model describing power flow
in the network.
5. Solve for the voltage profile of the network.
6. Solve for the power flows and losses in the network.
7. Check for constraint violations.
Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix

The first step in developing the mathematical model

describing the power flow in the network is the
formulation of the bus admittance matrix.
The bus admittance matrix is an n*n matrix (where n is
the number of buses in the system) constructed from the
admittances of the equivalent circuit elements of the
segments making up the power system.
Most system segments are represented by a combination
of shunt elements (connected between a bus and the
reference node) and series elements (connected
between two system buses).
 Bus Admittance Matrix

Formulation of the bus admittance matrix follows two

simple rules:
1. The admittance of elements connected between node k
and reference is added to the (k, k) entry of the
admittance matrix.
2. The admittance of elements connected between nodes
j and k is added to the (j, j) and (k, k) entries of the
admittance matrix.
3. The negative of the admittance is added to the (j, k) and
(k, j) entries of the admittance matrix.
Bus Admittance Matrix
Bus Admittance Matrix
 Node-Voltage Equations

Applying KCL at each node yields: Defining the Y’s as

 The Y-Bus

The current equations reduced to Where,

In a compact form
The General Form of the Load-Flow Equations

In Practice, bus powers Si is specified rather

than the bus currents Ii .

As a result, we have
 Load-Flow Equations

These are the static power flow equations. Each equation

is complex, and therefore we have 2n real equations. The
nodal admittance matrix current equation can be written
in the power form:

Let,
 Load-Flow Equations

Finally,

o This is known as NR (Newton – Raphson) formulation

 Load Flow Solution

There are four quantities of interest associated with each bus:

1. Real Power, P
2. Reactive Power, Q
3. Voltage Magnitude, V
4. Voltage Angle, δ
At every bus of the system, two of these four quantities will be
specified and the remaining two will be unknowns.
Each of the system buses may be classified in accordance with
which of the two quantities are specified
 Bus Classifications

Slack Bus — The slack bus for the system is a single bus for which the
voltage magnitude and angle are specified.
The real and reactive power are unknowns.
The bus selected as the slack bus must have a source of both real
and reactive power, since the injected power at this bus must “swing”
to take up the “slack” in the solution.
The best choice for the slack bus (since, in most power systems,
many buses have real and reactive power sources) requires
experience with the particular system under study.
The behavior of the solution is often influenced by the bus chosen.
 Bus Classifications
Load Bus (P-Q Bus) : A load bus is defined as any bus of the system
for which the real and reactive power are specified.
Load buses may contain generators with specified real and reactive
power outputs;
however, it is often convenient to designate any bus with specified
injected complex power as a load bus.

Voltage Controlled Bus (P-V Bus) : Any bus for which the voltage
magnitude and the injected real power are specified is classified as a
voltage controlled (or P-V) bus.
The injected reactive power is a variable (with specified upper and
lower bounds) in the power flow analysis.
(A P-V bus must have a variable source of reactive power such as a
generator.)
 Solution Methods

The solution of the simultaneous nonlinear power flow

equations requires the use of iterative techniques for
even the simplest power systems.
There are many methods for solving nonlinear equations,
such as:
- Gauss Seidel (GS).
- Newton Raphson (NR).
- Fast Decoupled.
POWER FLOW PROBLEM FORMULATION

CONSTRAINTS:
Vi min ≤ Vi ≤ Vi max δi – δk ≤ (δi – δk) max
PGi,min ≤PGi ≤ PGi,max QGi,min ≤ QGi ≤ QGi,max
∑Pgi = ∑ PDi + PL ∑QGi = ∑QDi+ Ql
 G-S METHOD

Ii = (Pi-jQi)/Vi*

∑Vi=(1/Yii)[Ji- ∑YikVk]

∑Vi=(1/Yii) [(Pi-jQi/Vi*) - ∑YikVk]; i=2,3,….n

k=1….n , k≠I
∆Vi ≤ ε for i=2 to n
LOAD FLOW USING NEWTON RAPHSON
METHOD
 Purpose of load flow
Load flow is essential for the continuous
monitoring of the current state of the system
For analyzing the effectiveness of alternative
plans for future system expansion to meet
increased load demand.
Loss reduction.
 FAULT STUDIES
Data available and use
Z Bus
Types of faults
Transformation matrices (Ts&Tc)
Fault impedances (Zf)
Power System Stability Problems

Due to Power mismatch between generation

and load blackouts will occurs (faults)

Also failure of operation of some controls and

equipment.
 Major blackouts
November 9, 1965 - Blackout of Northeast US
and Ontario
North Eastern united states and Eastern
Canada – Aug 14, 2003
London Blackout Aug 28, 2003
 November 9, 1965 - Blackout of
Northeast US and Ontario
Clear day with mild weather
Load levels in the region normal
Problem began at 5:16 p.m.
Within a few minutes, there was a complete shut down of
electric service to
– virtually all of the states of New York, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, parts of New Hampshire,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, most of Ontario
– Nearly 30 million people were without power for about 13
hours
 Cause:The initial event was the operation of a backup
relay at Beck GS in Ontario near Niagara Falls
North Eastern united states and
Eastern Canada – Aug 14, 2003
The main cause was identified as the First Energy
Corporation’s failure to trim trees in Ohio!!
A generating plant near Ohio went off during peak-
demand which went out of service leading to a
cascading effect resulting in forced shutdown of more
than 100 power plants.
Could have been prevented if alarms had worked. But
there was a bug in the Unix-based program run at the
control center and alarms failed
 London Blackout Aug 28,
2003
 London was hit by a localized power blackout
concentrated in South City.

Cause : Incorrectly installed automatic

protection relay which incorrectly read a change
in power flow as a fault and automatically
disconnected an area of South London. Similar
to fitting a 1 amp fuse instead of a 5 amp one.
 Other Major System Blackouts
1. July 2, 1996 disturbance of WSCC (Western
North American Interconnected) System
2. August 10, 1996 disturbance of WSCC system
3. 1998 power failure of Auckland business
districts, New Zealand
4. March 11, 1999 Brazil blackout
5. July 29, 1999 Taiwan disturbance
 Stability Studies
What is stability?
Steady State, Transient, Dynamic Stability and
Voltage stability
Equal Area Criterion
Methods- R-K method
Liapunov’s Direct Method
Mathematical Modeling
Methods of Improving Stability
 Steady State Stability

Steady State Stability is the ability of the

synchronous machines of an interconnected power
system to develop restoring forces more than or
equal to the disturbing forces and remain in
synchronism after being subjected to a slow and
small disturbance.

The time frame is of the order of 10-20 seconds

after a disturbance.
 Large-signal rotor angle stability
or transient stability
 This refers to the ability of the power system to
maintain synchronism under large disturbances,
such as short circuit, line outages etc. The
system response involves large excursions of
the generator rotor angles.
 Transient stability depends on both the initial
operating point and the disturbance parameters
like location, type, magnitude etc. Instability is
normally in the form of a periodic angular
separation.
 The time frame of interest is 3-5 seconds after
disturbance.
 VOLTAGE STABILITY
Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power
system to maintain steady voltages at all buses
in the system after being subjected to a
disturbance. It depends on the ability of the
system to maintain equilibrium between load
demand and load supply. Instability results in a
progressive fall or rise of voltages of some
buses, which could lead to loss of load in an
area or tripping of transmission lines, leading
to cascading outages. This may eventually lead
to loss of synchronism of some generators
 Equal Area Criterion
Sudden change in Mechanical Input
Sudden loss one of parallel lines
Sudden short circuit at one end of line
Sudden short circuit away from the line
Re-closing of faulted line
Q) A transmission line is acting as an interconnector
between two constant voltage networks. Determine
graphically or otherwise the maximum additional load
which can be suddenly applied to this interconnector
already carrying 50 MW if the power angle equation is
P=100sinδ

A1=P1(δ1-δ0)-100(cosδ0-cosδ1)
A2= 100(cosδ1-cosδ2) -P1(δ2-δ1)
Limiting Condition, δ2=π-δ1
A1 =A2 => cosδ0+cosδ1=(π-δ1- δ0)sin δ1 => δ1=60.4
P1=100sin60.4 = 86.95MW
Additional Power = 86.95-50 = 36.95MW
 Digtal Solution of Swing
Equation
Numerical Techniques are employed for digital
computations in which nth order differential is
written as n first order equations
Modified Euler’s method and R-K method are
two popular methods used for solution of swing
equation
R-K Method uses Tayler’s series expansion,
truncated after fourth term.
 Liapunov’s Direct Method
During the fast few years Power Engineers
have shown considerable interest in using
Liapunov’s Direct Method for stability
Studies.
This method can be quite helpful in giving
reasonably accurate prediction of stability
and critical clearing time.
 Mathematical Modeling
Second Order Modeling

Third Order modeling

Seventh Order Modeling

Mathematical Modeling Contd.
Stability studies involve solution of differential
equations and algebraic equations simultaneously.
As we know, to solve differential equations, we need
initial conditions; in this case the load-flow solution is
the initial condition.
Before proceeding for stability studies, it is required
to obtain load-flow convergence. In stability study,
generator can be modeled in different ways
depending upon the type of problem and accuracy
needed.
Generally, in stability studies, behavior of generators
following a large disturbance occurs in the system
such as 3-phase fault/single phase fault
 Generator-Second Order System
Swing Equation- State Variables: δ, ω
Excitation system cannot be modeled. This is
because; there is no variable which links
machine and exciter. In this type it is assumed
that there is a fast acting voltage regulator,
which always keeps generator voltage
constant.
This type of assumption is good enough when
we are considering large system and far away
machines can be treated in this way.
 Generator-Third Order System
State Variables: δ, ω, eq
When the machine is represented as third order
model, excitation system can be modeled. Interface
between machine and exciter is through field voltage
equation, thus establishing the closed loop.
In this type of modeling, network is represented as
algebraic equations I = Y V. To interface machine
currents with network currents, it is required to use
transformation matrix. While solving the equation
using R-K method, time step required would be at
least 0.01 s.
Power system stabilizer also can be considered,
along with excitation system. The output from the
stabilizer can be given at the summing junction of
exciter, thus establishing closed loop.
 Generator-Seventh Order
System
State Variables: δ,ω, id, iq, if, ikd, ikq
 When the machine is represented as seventh
order model, excitation system can be modeled.
Interface between machine and exciter is
through field voltage equation. In this, network
can be represented using differential equations.
This says that network transients are taken into
account. No need of transformation matrix.
While solving the equation using R-K method
time step required would be at least 0.001s.
 Generator-Seventh Order
System Contd.
Mainly excitation system helps to maintain the
generator terminal voltage constant within the
specified tolerance, and to adjust the reactive
power.
When exciter is modeled, there is a provision to
include power system stabilizer (PSS) also. PSS is
used to damp low frequency oscillation in the range
of 0.5 – 3.0Hz.
This type of detailed representation for machine is
required especially while carrying out sub
synchronous oscillations studies (SSR studies )
 Dynamic Stability

 PSS is used to eliminate small signal

oscillations by providing damping torqe.
 Otherwise if this frequency is matches with
natural frequency of the system, then Sub
Synchronous Resonance (SSR) will Occur
which damages rotors
 Techniques for Improvement of
Transient Stability
Traditional Techniques
Effect of Generator Design
Increase of Voltage
Reduction in Transfer reactance
Rapid Fault Clearing
Automatic Re-closing
 Techniques for Improvement of
Transient Stability
Recent Trends
Quick Valve Opening Action
Application of Braking Resistors
Single Pole Switching
Fast Acting Automatic Voltage Regulators
HVDC Links
Short Circuit Current Limiters
 Methods of Improving Voltage
Stability
Enhancing localized reactive power
support (SVC)
Compensating the line length
Additional transmission line
Enhancing excitation of generator
HVDC Tie between regional grids
By restoring to strategic load shedding
 HRD
ATTRACT & RETAIN

TRAIN IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

PROMOTE R&D CADRE

UTILITY-INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC INTERACTION

CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE

DATA REPOSITORY
 Programme Plan
Theoretical knowledge - Lectures and
Tutorials

Practical experience – Computer Exercise

(Simulation) and Laboratory experiments

Contacts – with Industry – Invited guest

lectures, Study visits and carryout Masters
thesis.
Possible disciplines at Masters
level
Power Systems
System and Control
Electrical Machines and Industrial Drives
Power Electronics and Drives
Non-Conventional Energy systems
Distribution Systems
Masters Programme suitable to:
To take up career in

- Power Engineering Industries

- Power Companies/Utilities
- Consulting Organizations
- Academic institutions
 References
Modern Power System Analysis by D.P.Kothari and
I.J.Nagarath, 3rd edition, TMH
Power System Analysis and Design by B.R.Gupta,3rd
edition, Wheeler
Power system Stability by Kimbark, Vol. 1,2 and 3,
Wiley Publications
A Study on the effective Power System restoration,
IAEE Publications