IT472

Digital Image Processing

Asim Banerjee
Faculty Block #1, Room No. 1109
Extn. # 554
Psychovisual Redundancy (1/2)

• The brightness of a region as perceived by

the eye, depends on factors other than
simply the light reflected by the region.
NOTE: Mach bands can be perceived in an
area of constant intensity.
• Such a phenomena result from the fact that
the eye does not respond with equal
sensitivity to all visual information i.e.
certain information has less relative
importance than other information in normal
visual processing.
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Psychovisual Redundancy (2/2)

• This relatively less important information is

said to be psychovisually redundant and
can be easily eliminated without
significantly impairing the quality of the
perceived image.
• Psychovisual redundancy is associated with
real or quantifiable visual information.
NOTE: Since elimination of psychovisually
redundant data results in a loss of
quantitative information, it commonly
referred to asIT472
quantization.
- Digital Image Processing 3
 Fidelity Criteria
• Removal of psychovisually redundant
information results in a loss of real or
quantifiable visual information.
• Because information of interest may be lost,
a repeatable or reproducible means of
quantifying the nature and extent of
information loss is highly desirable.
• Two general classes of criteria are used as
a basis for assessment
– Objective fidelity criteria
– Subjective fidelity criteria
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 Objective Fidelity Criteria
• When the level information loss is
expressed as a function of the original or
input image and the compressed and
subsequently decompressed image, it is
said to be based on an objective fidelity
criteria.
• Example
– Root mean square error (RMSE) between the
input and the output images.
– Mean square signal to noise ratio of the
compressed-decompressed image.
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 Subjective Fidelity Criteria
• Although objective fidelity criteria offer a
simple and convenient mechanism for
evaluating information loss, most
decompressed image are ultimately viewed
humans, hence subjective evaluation by
human observer is often more appropriate
• The typical mechanism is to have observers
rate the images on a scale of (say) –4 to 4 to
represent their subjective evaluation.
NOTE: -4  worst
0  the same
4 best
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 Image Compression Models

• Source encoder and decoder

– Reduces or eliminates any coding, interpixel
and/or psycho visual redundancies in the
input image.
• Channel encoder and decoder
– Plays an important role when the channel is
noisy or prone to error by inserting “controlled
redundancy”.
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 Types of Compression
• Lossless compression
– Huffman coding
– Bit-plane coding
– Run length coding
• Lossy compression
– Lossy predictive coding
– Transform coding
– JPEG

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 Huffman Coding (1/2)

• It is the most popular technique for removing

coding redundancy.
• When coding the symbols of an independent
source individually, it yields the smallest
possible number of code symbols per source
symbol.
• It involves a series of source reductions by
ordering the probabilities of symbols under
consideration and combining the two lowest
probability symbols into a single symbol that
replaces them in the next source reduction.
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Source Reductions - Example

Source: “Digital Image Processing” by R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods

• A series of source reductions by ordering the

probabilities of symbols under consideration and
combining the bottom two lowest probability symbols
into a single symbol that replaces them in the next
source reduction.
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 Huffman Coding (2/2)

• The second step is to code each reduced

source starting with the smallest source
and working backwards to the original
source.

Source: “Digital Image Processing” by R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods

• The Huffman code is an instantaneous

uniquely decodable block code.
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 Bitplane Coding (1/2)

• It reduces the images interpixel redundancies by

processing the image’s bit planes individually.
• The multilevel images are decomposed into a
series of binary images and then compressing
the binary images using one of the several well-
known binary compression methods.
• The images are often first gray coded before the
bit plane decomposition is carried out to avoid
too many 0 to 1 transitions across bit planes for
pixel values that are close to each other.

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 Bitplane Coding (2/2)

Normal Gray coded Normal Gray coded

Source: “Digital Image Processing” by R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods
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 Run-length Coding (1/2)

1-D run length coding

• Represents each row or column of an
image or a bit plane by a sequence of
lengths that describe successive runs of
black and white pixels.
• It is a standard compression approach in
facsimile (FAX) coding.
• It involves specifying the value of the gray
level and the length of that run.

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 Run-length Coding (2/2)

• The most common approaches for

determining the value of a run are
– Specify the value of the first run of each row
– To assume that each row begins with a white
run whose run length may be zero.
NOTE: One can employ variable length
coding on the run lengths themselves to
achieve further compression.
• The same can be extended to 2-D run
length coding.
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 Assignment
• What is LZW coding?
• Give an example of using LZW coding.
• What are the tradeoffs involved in LZW
coding?

Submit by: 12:00 hrs on 6th March 2011.

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Transform Coding System

Source: “Digital Image Processing” by R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods

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 Compression Standards
• Jointly developed and sanctioned by
– International Standardization Organization
(ISO)
– Consultative Committee of the International
Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT)
• Examples
– JPEG standard
– MPEG standard (MPEG 1 and MPEG 2)

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 Assignment
• Write a short report on
– JPEG standard (JPEG and JPEG2000)
– MPEG standards (viz. MPEG 1, MPEG 2,
MPEG 4, MPEG 7 and MPEG 21)

Submit by: 12:00 hrs on 6th March 2011.

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 That’s all for now.

We shall continue in the next class.

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