Vinay and Darbelnet

Comparative Stylistics of French and

English
Direct
Borrowing Translation

Adaption Calque

7
2
Procedures Strategies
Literal
Equivalence
Translation

Modulation Transposition Oblique

Translation
Further Analysis

 Servitude
 Obligatory transpositions and modulations due differences in the 2 language
systems

 Option
 Non obligatory changes
 Changes due to the style and preference of the translator
5 Analytical Steps

Identify Units

Examine ST

Reconstruct

Evaluate Style

Produce and Revise TT

Unit of Translation

 “the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way
that they should not be translated individually.”

 Individual words
 Grammatically linked groups
 Fixed expressions
 Semantically linked groups
Greenwich Text