GINGIVA

2018
 Gingiva :
The part of oral mucosa that covers the alveolar processes
of jaws and surrounds the neck of the teeth. (CARRANZA)
part of masticatory mucosa covering alveolar processes
and cervical portions of teeth. (LINDHE)

 Masticatory mucosa
Functions of Gingival Epithelium

Physical barrier
Signalling further host reaction
Innate host response
Integrating innate and acquired immune
response
GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM
 Oral Epithelium (outer
 Covers crest and outer surface of
marginal gingiva and surface of
attached gingiva. which extends from
the crest of the gingival margin to the
mucogingival junction.
 THICKNESS 0.2-0.3mm
 keratinized or parakeratinized
 The junction of the oral epithelium with
the connective tissue has a wavy
interface that has epithelial ridges.
Histologi gingiva
 Masticatory mucosa
 rubbery surface texture and resiliency.
 the hard palate, attached gingiva, and dorsal surface of the tongue.
 Histologically, associated with
 orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium,
 parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (Figures 9-3 to 9-5).
 the interface between the epithelium and lamina propria
 highly interdigitated
 numerous and more-pronounced rete ridges and connective tissue papillae, giving
it a firm base.
 the submucosa is an extremely thin layer or is absent.
 When masticatory mucosa overlies bone, with or without submucosa, it
increases the firmness of the tissue.
 A deeper thin submucosa may or may not be present, as shown here,
and may overlay bone.
 the cells in the keratin layer have lost their nuclei and are filled with
keratin.
 IT TAKES APPROX 1
MONTH FOR THE
KERATINOCYTE TO
TRANSVERSE THE
OUTER EPITHELIAL
SURFACE
 CELLS OF GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM

KERATINOCYTES
NON KERATINOCYTES
MERKEL CELLS
LANGERHANS CELLS
MELANOCYTES
INFLAMMATORY CELLS
 KERATINOCYTES
 Main function: PROLIFERATION DIFFERENTATION
 produce keratin
 either naturally at normal levels if it is a
keratinized tissue,
 at higher levels when the tissue becomes
traumatized, even in previously
nonkeratinized tissue
 Morphologic changes:
 1.Progressive flattening of the cell with an
increasing prevalence of tonofilaments
 2.Intercellular junctions coupled to the
production of keratohyaline granules
 3.Disappearance of the nucleus
 MELANOCYTES

 Dendritic cells
 Basal & spinous layers
 Premelanosomes/melanosomes

TYROSINASE
TYROSINE DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE
(DOPA)

MELANIN MELANOPHORES
/MELANOPHAGES
LANGERHANS CELLS

 Dendritic cells
 Modified monocytes
 Suprabasal layer
 g-specific granules (Birbeck’s granules)
 Found: Oral epithelium & sulcular epithelium
 Absent: Junctional epithelium
MERKEL CELLS

 Deeper layer
 nerve endings
 Tactile perceptors
 SULCULAR EPITHELIUM
 Lines gingival sulcus
 the stratified, squamous epithelium, non-keratinized or
parakeratinized,
 continuous with the oral epithelium and lines the lateral
surface of the sulcus EXTENT- Coronal limit of junctional
epithelium to crest of gingival margin
 the surface layer is less keratinized than its counterpart in the
oral epithelium
 Apically, it overlaps the coronal border of the junctional
epithelium, a structural design that minimizes ulceration of
the epithelial lining in this region.
 good resistance to mechanical forces and relative
impermeability to fluid and cells
 SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRAN -- TISSUE FLUID FROM GINGIVA
This incomplete type of
keratinization is referred to
as parakeratinization. CT, gingival
connective tissue; GS, gingival
sulcus; PKE, parakeratinized
epithelial layer.
Note the presence in the parakeratinized
surface layer of incompletely keratinized
epithelial cells (PKC) with residual
nuclei. Also note the tightly sealed
intercellular spaces (ICS) that contribute to
the low permeability of this portion of the
gingival epithelium. GS, gingival sulcus
 JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
 COLLARLIKE BAND OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON
KERATINIZING EPITHELIUM
 CORONALLY- 10 -30 cells thick
 APICALLY- 1-2 cells
 LENGTH- 0.25-1.35mm
 Exhibit numerous ribosomes
 Membrane bound structures- golgi
apparatus,cytoplasmic vacuoles
 Lysosome also present
 Absence of keratinosomes(odland bodies) •
 Numerous migrating PMN’s
 Larger intercellular spaces
 JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM

 The junctional epithelium has 2 basal laminas, one that faces the tooth
(internal basal lamina) and one that faces the connective tissue (external
basal lamina).
 The proliferative cell layer responsible for most cell divisions is located in
contact with the connective tissue, i.e. next to the external basal lamina.
 The desquamative (shedding) surface of the junctional epithelium is
located at its coronal end, which also forms the bottom of the gingival
sulcus.
 serves as the preferential route for the passage of bacterial products from
the sulcus into the connective tissue and for fluid and cells from the
connective tissue into the sulcus.
 The cytoplasm of the junctional epithelium contain dispersed
tonofilaments, but lack tonofibrils. Under normal circumstances these cells
do not undergo keratinization
DEVELOPMENT OF JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM

 Reduced enamel epithelium (REE)

 the junctional epithelium (JE) is the most permeable portion of the gingival epithelia.
 Soluble substances can diffuse from the oral cavity into the underlying gingival
connective tissue (CT), while both fluids and cells can travel through the junctional
epithelium from the connective tissue into the gingival sulcus (S) on their way to the
oral cavity.
 Because of its permeability to bacterial products and other assorted antigens
originating in the oral cavity, the connective tissue adjacent to the junctional
epithelium tends to become infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells, primarily
lymphocytes and plasma cells. OE, oral epithelium; SE, sulcular epithelium.
 EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENT APPARATUS

 Gottlieb(1921) EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENT EPITHELIAL

ATTACHMENT Attachment apparatus ie internal
basal lamina + hemidesmosomes that connects
junctional epithelium to tooth surface.
 Consists of
 1.Hemidesmosomes at plasma membrane of cells
 2.Basal lamina like extracellular matrix- INTERNAL
BASAL LAMINA
 FUNCTION OF JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM

 ACCESS TO GINGIVAL FLUID, INFLAMMATORY CELLS TO MARGIN GINGIVAL

 RAPID TURN OVER RATE
 FIRMLY ATTACHED TO TOOTH SURFACE  forming EPITHELIAL BARRIER
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
COLLAGEN FIBERS

 PREDOMINATE IN GINGIVA CONNECTIVE TISSUE

RETICULIN FIBRES
 Argyrophilic staining properties
 Numerous in tissue adjacent to basement membrane
 Occur in large no. in loose connective tissue
 Present at epitheliumconnective tissue interface

OXYTALAN FIBRES
 Scarce in gingiva but numerous in PDL
 Composed of long thin fibrils with diameter of approx. 150 A

ELASTIC FIBRES
 Only present in assosciation with blood vessels of gingiva and PDL.
 Gingiva coronal to mucogingival junction (MGJ) does not contain elastic
fibres except in association with blood vessels.
 Gingival fibres

 GINGIVAL FIBRES
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF MARGINAL
GINGIVA IS DENSELY COLLAGENOUS
CONTAINING A PROMINENT SYSTEM OF
COLLAGEN FIBRE BUNDLE
 CONSIST MAINLY OF TYPE1 COLLAGEN
FUNCTION OF GINGIVAL FIBRES