ORAL MUCOSA

Laraib Ghafoor

Neha Amjad

Naima Manzoor

Muhammad Ibrahim
INTRODUCTION
.Mucous membrane lining the oral cavity
. Protect the deeper tissue and organs
. Present between skin and
gastrointestinal mucosa
BOUNDARIES
. Anteriorly by lips
. Posteriorly, it is continuous with the
mucosa of pharynx
. Laterally by the cheeks
. Inferiorly by muscular floor
TISSUE COMPONENTS
. Oral epithelium
. Connective tissue
. Submucos
FUNCTIONS
Protection :protects deeper tissues of oral cavity
Secretion : major secretion is saliva produced by salivary glands
Sensation:acts as a sensory organ for temperature, touch and pain
Contd:
Support :provide support to epithelium.
Exchange of materials :between epithelium and connective tissue.
CLASSIFICATION
A. BASED ON FUNCTION
1.Masticatory mucosa
2.Lining mucosa
3.Specialized mucosa
B. BASED ON TYPE OF EPITHELIUM
1.keratinized
2.Non keratinized
MASTICATORY MUCOSA
.Hard palate
. Gingiva
. Alveolar processes
LINING MUCOSA
. Underside of tongue
. Inside of the lips
. Inside of the cheeks
. Floor of the mouth
. Alveolar processes
. Gingiva
SPECIALIZED MUCOSA

. Dorsal surface of tongue

BASED ON TYPE OF EPITHELIUM
1.KERATINIZED
. Stratum basal
. Stratum spinosum
. Stratum granulosum
. Stratum superficial
2.NON KERATINIZED
. Stratum basal
. Stratum intermedium
. Stratum superficial
. Stratum intermediate
 Cells in Non-Keratinized Epithelium

Cells Level in Epithelium Function

Melanocytes Basal Synthesis of melanin pigment
granules (melanosomes) & transfer
to surrounding keratinocytes.
Langerhans Cells Mostly Suprabasal Antigen trapping & processing.
Merkel Cells Basal Tactile sensory cell.
Lymphocytes Variable Associated with inflammatory
response in oral mucosa.
 Lamina Propria
• It is the connective tissue supporting
the oral epithelium.
• It consists of cells, blood vessels,
neural elements and fibers embedded
in the amorphous ground substance.
• It has two layers – the superficial
papillary layer (associated with
epithelial ridges) and the deeper
reticular layer (lies b/w papillary layer
and the underlying structures).
 Cells in Lamina Propria
Cells Function
Fibroblasts Secretion of fibers and ground substance.
Histiocytes Resident precursors of functional macrophages.
Macrophages Phagocytosis, including antigen processing.
Mast Cells Secretion of certain inflammatory mediators and
vasoactive agents like histamine, serotonin.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (Neutrophils) Phagocytosis and cell killing.
Lymphocytes Some take part in humoral or cell-mediated immune
response.
Plasma Cells Form immunoglobulins.
Endothelial Cells Lining of blood and lymphatic channels.
 Sensory Nerve Supply
• The efferent supply is autonomic, supplies blood vessels and minor
salivary glands.
• Nerves arise mainly from the 2nd and 3rd divisions of trigeminal nerve,
but afferent fibers of facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus
nerve are also involved.
ORAL REGION SENSORY NERVE SUPPLY
Upper lip & vestibule Infraorbital nerve

Upper gingivae Anterior, posterior and middle superior alveolar nerves

Hard palate Greater, lesser and sphenopalatine nerves

Soft palate Lesser palatine nerve, tonsillar nerve and nerve of pterygoid canal

Cheek Infraorbital, superior alveolar and buccal nerves

Lower lip & vestibule Mental & buccal nerves

Lower gingivae: buccal Inferior alveolar, buccal and lingual nerves

Anterior two thirds of tongue Lingual nerve (taste)

Posterior third of tongue Glossopharyngeal nerve (taste & general sensation)

ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY
ORAL REGION SUBTERMINAL BRANCHES
Upper lip Superior labial artery

Upper gingiva
Anterior Anterior superior alveolar artery
Lingual Major palatine artery
Buccal Buccal artery
Posterior Posterior superior alveolar artery

Hard palate Major, Naso and sphenopalatine artery

Soft palate Major palatine artery

Cheek Buccal, posterior alveolar, Infraorbital and facial

Lower lip Inferior labial, inferior alveolar and mental artery

Lower gingiva
Anterior buccal Mental artery
Anterior lingual Incisive artery and sublingual artery
Posterior lingual Inferior alveolar artery and sublingual artery
Posterior buccal Inferior alveolar artery and buccal artery

Floor of mouth Sublingual artery, Branch of lingual artery

Tongue Lingual artery

Junctions in the oral mucosa
Within The oral mucosa are 3 junctions:
• Mucocutaneous (between the skin and mucosa)
• Mucogingival (between the gingiva and alveolar mucosa)
• Dentogingival (interface between the gingiva and the tooth)
Mucocutaneous Junction
• The skin, which contains hair follicles and sebaceous and sweat
glands, is continues with the oral mucosa at the lips.
• The epithelium of this region is keratinized.
• The connective tissue has special arrangement (capillary loops) that
bring blood close to the surface and accounts for the strong red
colouration in this region, called the vermillion zone of the lip.
• The line separating the vermillion zone from the hair bearing skin of
the lip is called the vermillion border.
Mucogingival Junction
• The junction between attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa.
• This junction is identified clinically by a slight indentation called
mucogingival groove and by The change from the bright pink of the
alveolar mucosa to the paler pink of the gingiva.
• The epithelium of the attached gingiva is keratinized or parakaratinized.
• The lamina propria contains numerous coarse collagen bundles
attaching the tissue to periosteum.
• The alveolar mucosa has a thicker non-keratinized epithelium over lying
loose lamina propria with numerous elastic fibres.
Dentogingival Junction
• The region where the oral mucosa meets the surface of the tooth.
• The dentogingival junction consists of a sulcular epithelium which extends
cervically to become the junctional epithelium that attaches to the tooth
surface.
• The sulcular epithelium is separated from the tooth by a space referred to as
the sulcus.
• The walls of the sulcus are line by epithelium designated as oral sulcular
epithelium and has the same basic structure as non-keratinized oral
epithelium.
• The ortho keratinized or parakeratinized surface of the free gingiva is
continuous with the oral sulcular epithelium at the level of the gingival crest.
The dentogingival junction. Together the
sulcular and the junctional epithelium
constitute the dentogingival junction. The
junctional epithelium attaches to the tooth
surface. Decalcification of the specimen has
removed the tooth enamel, leaving an enamel
space.
Col
• A valley-like depression which
connects the interdental gingiva
situated in the interproximal
space between two teeth.
• It lies below, and conforms to
the shape of, the interproximal
contact.
• It is covered by non-keratinized
epithelial.
Age changes
• Smoother and dried surface.
• Epithelium appears thinner.
• Reduction in the number of filiform papillae
• Smooth or glossy appearance.
• Langerhans cell become fewer with age.
• Development of varicosities.
• Decreased cellularity in the lamina propria with an increased amount of
collagen.
• Sebaceous glands of the lips and cheeks also increase with age.
THANK YOU