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FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-ESTEEM
Behavior is crucially affected by a person‟s self-image, self-perceptions, and self-esteem.
MASLOW- Describes this person to be a secure individual as compared to an insecure one.
THE FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-ESTEEM ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Attitudes of adults towards the growing infant and child.
2. Emotionally disastrous experience of the individual, considered as threat to self, which affects his
stability.
3. Self-attitudes are also affected by the status of the group to which a person belongs.
4. The individual‟s role and status in the group.
IX. PLURAL PARTICIPATION OF THE SELF
1. Social Distance. It measures the degree of intimacy or remoteness, of acceptance or rejection, in social
relations.
2. Identification. In this process, the individual takes over the ideas, beliefs, and habits of the members of a
group and makes them his own.
3. Assimilation. This is the final stage in the imperceptible transmission from cultural hybridity to cultural
fusion.
X. PERCEIVING AND EXPERIENCING
CARL ROGERS- Each new experience is perceived or interpreted in terms of its meaning and significance
to the self. In essence, the process involves three alternative sub- process. As new experiences are
encountered by the individual, they either:
1. Categorized and organized into some relationship with the self;
2. Ignored because they are not perceived as having significance to the self;
3. Perceived in a distorted way because they are incongruent with the individual‟s self-concept;
COMBS AND SNYGG:
People do not behave according to the facts as others see them. They behave according to the facts as
they see them.
XI. ADJUSTMENT AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE SELF
LIFE involves a process of constant adjustment.
The following are some techniques for adjustment:
1. Self-defense and self-enhancement.
The function of self-defense is to keep intact and to conceal its nature whenever the
individual‟s self-image is likely to be exposed. Self-enhancement functions to permit
the
individual to achieve the goals and ideals he has established for himself.
2. Repression.
This is a form of selective forgetting.
We tend to remember pleasant experiences more permanently than unpleasant
ones,
because of disapproval by others in the past arouses a feeling of guilt.
3. Fantasy.
This technique is used by the individual in his earliest attempts to adjust himself to
changes in his environment.
Fantasies may be adopted in three ways:
a. Some persons may try to compensate for their wishes by daydreaming to
experience temporary resolution to tensions;
b. Other people would prefer to stay in their fantasies since they become so
gratified; and
c. People may put their fantasies to effective use and return from the realm of
fantasy with something to show for their trip.
4. Compensation
It is a mechanism of adjustment that all people resort to in the face of frustration,
failure, and other threats to the self.
It serves in the following ways:
a. A substitute for achievement along another line;
b. Relief from the tension which frustration begets; and
c. A means of concealing from others and from the frustrated individual his own
weaknesses or deficiency.
5. Rationalization.
Is a technique of self-concealment and self-justification
A person who rationalizes always fears disapproval by others or from himself. He
gives emotionally satisfying rather than real reasons for committing an act.
The real motive behind rationalization is a desire for mastery, for social approval, for
appearing superior to what we are.
6. Projection.
The individual guards himself from exposure, disapproval or punishment by
ascribing his fault to others.
7. Fixation.
Is the arrest of the development at an immature level
Regression means the return to an earlier mode of adjustment after a mature form
had already been attained.
8. Identification and Sublimation.
Consists, to a large extent, in erecting a model for the self to imitate.
Sublimation refers to the need of the socialized individual to redirect forbidden
urges into socially acceptable forms of behavior.
9. Self-enhancement.
In the words of Krech and Crutchfield, when the individual achieves a desired goal,
his standards of performance are thereby changed and he is impelled to strive for
higher levels of achievements.
Life is a process of self-sustaining and self-generated action. Every achievement of man is a value in itself,
but is also a stepping stone to greater achievement and values.
SELF-ESTEEM and PLEASURE
Pleasure is a metaphysical concomitant to life, the reward and consequences of successful
action
just as pain is the symbol of failure, destruction and death.
A man‟s basic values reflect his conscious or subconscious view of himself and of his
existence.
They are expression of:
a. The degree and nature of his self-esteem or lack of it;
b. The extent to which he regards the universe as open or closed to his understanding and
action.
Productive work is essential man‟s sense of efficacy and thus is essential to his ability to
fully
enjoy the values of his existence.
A rational, confident man is motivated by a love of values, the desire to celebrate his
control
over his existence, and by the desire to achieve them. A neurotic is motivated by fears and
by
a desire to escape from it.
A man of self-esteem a man in love with himself and with life feels an intense need to find
human beings he can admire to find a spiritual equal whom he can love