CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION CHEMISTRY
A. Introduction
Chemistry is LIFE

Chemistry is UNIQE

Chemistry is
EVERYTHING

Chemistry is Everywere
 B. The Scientific Method
• Steps followed during scientific
investigations
• Logical, problem solving
technique
• Fathers of the scientific
method is Galileo Galilei and
Francis Bacon
title : The Affecting Amount of Salt in
Water to the Boiling Temperate of
Water.

1.Observation ( recognition of a problem )

– Visible or provable fact

Example: Does the amount of salt in water

affect the boiling temperature of water?
2. Hypothesis ( a proposed explanation of an
observation )
– an educated guess
– must be testable

Example :
If you increase the amount of salt added to the water,
the boiling temperature will also increase.
3. Experiment- an organized procedure used to
test a hypothesis
- measurement
- data collection
- manipulated
4. Conclusion
Presents the findings of the experiment, what
the data shows, the hypothesis and whether or
not it was correct (supported) or incorrect
(negated)
 Experiment Variable
1. Independent Variable
The variable that is changed or controlled
in a scientific experiment
Example : amount of salt

2. Dependent Variable
The variable being measured in a scientific
experiment
Example : the boiling temperature
C. CHEMISTRY IS AN EXPERIMENTAL
SCIENCE
1. Safety Rules
a. Always listen carefully to all instruction given by your chemistry
teacher or lab technican before any experiment
b. Learn all the safety rules necessaaly for your experiment
c. Always wear a lab jacket
d. Read all necessary information about experiment
e. Wear gloves when using heat, chemical ang glassware in
experiment
f. Do not throw any chemical
g. Do not touch chemicals unth your finger
h. Do no eat, drink, smell or taste any chemical
2. Laboratory equipment

Beaker Test tube holder

Test Tube Erlenmeyer flask ( used for ( to hold hot test tubes
( mixing substances ) ( titration experiment ) measuring
approximate
volume )

Graduated cylinder Stand and clamps Wash bottle Bumers

( to measure exact ( to hold and fix ( dilution ) ( for heating purpose )
volume of liquid lab equipment
 test tube rack Tripod
Funnol
( to park test tubes ) ( used with bumers )
( used for filtration or
pouring liquids

Spatula Eye dropper

( used to transfer ( used to moving small Mortar and pestle
small amount of amount of liquid ( used to grinding chemical )
chemical in to tes tube
3. Hazard Warning Symbols
D. Classification of Matter

Matter

B. Mixtures
A. Pure
( impured
substances substances )

1. Elements 2. Compounds
A. Pure Substances
• Pure Substance that cannot be broken
down into any other substances by
chemical or physical means

Gold - element Manganese Dioxide - compound

1. Element
- Contain only one type of particle ( the atom )
EX : gold ( Au ), oxygen (O), calcium ( Ca)
- Element can be classified as metal and non
metals
2. Compound
– composed of 2 or more elements
in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of
individual elements
– Chemical bonds hold the
elements together
– Example : (NaCl)
Sodium + chlorine sodium
chlorine

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Law of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same,
fixed ratio of elements.

Two different compounds,

each has a definite composition
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 Molecules

• Groups of two or more atoms bound by

chemical bonds
• Can be two of the same element
 Chemical Formula-Extra Info

• Shows the compound and the ratio of

atoms
 Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7
H2

N2 O2 F2

Cl2

Br2

F2
 Matter Flowchart
Examples:
– graphite element
– pepper hetero. mixture
– sugar (sucrose) compound
– paint hetero. mixture
– soda solution
homo. mixture

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 Classification of Matter
hetero-
uniform no geneous
properties? mixture

no solution
fixed
composition?

no element
chemically
decomposable?
yes compound

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
 Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.

Elements Compounds Mixtures

substance
only one kind with two or
definite two or more two or more
of atom; atoms
makeup more kinds kinds of substances
are bonded it
and of atoms and that are
the element
properties that are physically
is diatomic or
bonded mixed
polyatomic

Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
B. Mixtures

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1. Homogeneous Mixture
Solution
– very small particles
– no Tyndall effect
– particles don’t settle

– Example :
– rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol
and water)
– Air (nitrogen and oxygen)

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 2. Heterogeneous Mixture
a. Colloid
– medium-sized particles
– Tyndall effect
– particles don’t settle
– Particles scatter light
– Example :
• Milk
• Clouds
• Smoke
• mayo

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b. Suspension
– heterogeneous
– large particles
– Tyndall effect
– particles settle
– Example :
• fresh-squeezed
lemonade
• Sand in water

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 Mixtures
Examples:
– mayonnaise colloid
– muddy water suspension
– fog colloid
– saltwater solution
– Italian salad
dressing
suspension

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 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

hydrogen oxygen atoms

atoms hydrogen
atoms

(a) (b) (c) (d)

an element a compound a mixture a mixture
(hydrogen) (water) (hydrogen (hydrogen
and oxygen) and oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
 Tyndall Effect
• The scattering
of light by particles
in a mixture

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gheuYq
Q6phE&feature=related
 MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions

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 Classification of Matter

MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)

Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
physical means into

Separated by
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS MIXTURES MIXTURE
chemical
means into

Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
 Classification of Matter
Matter

Physically
Substance separable Mixture of
Definite composition Substances
(homogeneous) Variable composition

Chemically
separable Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
Element Compound
Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
(Examples: iron, sulfur, (Examples: water.
also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane,
(Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate)
gold alloy) concrete, granite)
 Mixture vs. Compound
Different Alike Different

Variable Involve Fixed

Composition substances Composition

Topic Topic
No bonds Contain Bonds
between Mixture two or more Compound between
components elements components

Can be Can be Can ONLY be

separated by separated separated by
physical means into chemical means
elements
 Compounds vs. Mixtures
• Compounds have properties that are
uniquely different from the elements from
which they are made.
– A formula can always be written for a compound
– e.g. NaCl  Na + Cl2

• Mixtures retain their individual properties.

– e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
 Top Ten Elements
in the Universe
Percent
Element (by atoms)
A typical spiral galaxy
1. Hydrogen 73.9 (Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
2. Helium 24.0
3. Oxygen 1.1
4. Carbon 0.46
5. Neon 0.13
6. Iron 0.11
7. Nitrogen 0.097
8. Silicon 0.065
9. Magnesium 0.058
10. Sulfur 0.044
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26
 The Composition of Air

Nitrogen

Helium Oxygen

Neon Air Water

vapor

Carbon
Argon
dioxide

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34

 Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of nitrogen: N2

Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of O2

two atoms of oxygen:

Water consists of molecules consisting of two H2O

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:

Argon consists of individual argon atoms: Ar

Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting

of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom: CO2

Neon consists of individual neon atoms:

Ne

Helium consists of individual helium atoms: He

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35
 Reviewing Concepts
Classifying Matter

• Why does every sample of a given substance

have the same properties?
• Explain why the composition of an element is
fixed.
• Describe the composition of a compound.
• Why can the properties of a mixture vary?
• On what basis can mixtures be classified as
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?